第一篇：collegelife课后翻译
家族旅行课后翻译
1 来这里旅游的人们都会首先说说对这里的印象：宫崎的市里真是明朗，犹如走在南国的街道上。漫步街道、巨大的椰子树随风摇曳(沙沙作响)，凤尾松、鲜红的刨子在描绘着南方风景诗。天空也澄澈而湛蓝。(碧空如洗)
2 从车站走过主街道橘大街，度过横跨在大淀川()上的橘桥就到了游步公园，游步公园左侧道边全是椰子树。大淀川可谓是宫崎的生命之源，清澈地缓缓流淌着，可以看到在河边两个谈恋爱的年轻人在欢快散步的情形。稍有那么一点欧洲情调的风景，还有餐厅。从冬天到春天，三四万只鸭子漂浮在大淀川上，使我们看到一片闲适的风景。现在可以看到在河上面钓鱼，夏天可以看到在橘桥上放下鱼线的情景。
3 自古以来，九州就是一个漂浮着南国之香和异国情调的浪漫之地。这里有喷火的阿苏山和樱岛、燃烧神(秘)火的有明海、还有日南海岸国定公园也不例外。从宫崎市路过青岛、鵜户，到都井岬的约有90公里的沿海岸线公路，有道路公园的美称。对那些看惯了小巧的箱庭式风景的大部分游客来说，这里确实是非常美丽。随着一步步南下，景色变得越来越宏大，最后在策马飞奔的都井岬结束。而期间，我们看到了受黑潮清洗的奇特侵蚀作用所形成的青岛、崛切岭，充满诗与梦的儿童王国公园，墨西哥风情的仙人掌公园，拥有巨大海食洞的鵜户神宫，野猿的栖息地幸岛，他们规模宏大、变幻多姿，这种海洋之美，在日本屈指可数。 4 行驶在平坦舒适的泊油路上，沿着国道220线南下，渐渐被路边的一片夹竹桃所包围。到了夏天，到处都开着粉色的花朵，弥漫着芬芳，在道旁树木尽头的左侧，就是儿童王国。是一个具有17万平方米的大型自然游园地。这里携带酒入内。这应该是经营者的一个愿望，希望至少在这个游园地，大人们也能保持一颗纯粹的童心。
这里最受欢迎的应该还是有两个驼峰的骆驼吧。从西德的动物园买来四头，现在已经增加到了九头。这些骆驼载着孩子们，慢慢地行走在沿海椰树铁树茂盛的沙丘上。
5 从青岛乘车过十分钟，登上满山山樱的坡道，就到了断崖在此处落入海中的崛切岭，道路两旁全是椰树，太平洋泛着闪闪的光，在随风摇曳的椰树树叶之间，能够看到与青岛同样的鬼搓板奇景。
6 从崛切岭乘车20分钟就到了小弥太郎仙人掌公园。从靠近黑潮的海岸到丘陵的道路两旁约有120万棵左右的扇形仙人掌层层叠叠、好不繁盛，而且其间还种着1万5千棵的龙舌兰。
旅行的魅力在于用五官来感受旅行 通过感受不一样的经历 从而发现自己 然后就会有发现的喜悦 而这发现并不是发现旅行の魅力は五感で未知世界への発見、未知世界と接することによって 自分を発見する 発見の旅は 自分発見の旅ともいえる
宫崎的飞机场是这里观光的入口处。
首先映入眼帘的是从飞机场到市里路边的亚热带树木。给这些乘飞机从东京和大阪来的游客一种强烈的印象：这就是日本的南国。孩子们和妻子刹那间都惊呆了。在这一点上，宫崎给我们很好的诠释(演绎出)了何谓观光、何谓旅行。
我们马上乘车去了大淀川河岸的酒店。从飞机场出来度过橘桥，椰枣树的风姿就印入了眼帘。随后就是大淀川一大排的椰枣树、其间树荫下还排列着法国风的长椅和圆桌。大胆的色调和天蓝色印衬在一起，甚至让那些东京来的游客稍有异国情调之感。
第二篇：大学英语课后翻译
Unit one 翻译
1) 通过很多热心人士的努力，庆祝仪式的资金准备就绪了。 (in place)
Money for the ceremony is in place through many warm-hearted people’s efforts. 2) 因为你很可靠，所以我愿意想你诉说心里话 。(pour our one’s heart)
I am willing to pour out my heart to you because you are reliable.
3) 虽然汤姆上个月才大学毕业，但是他工作起来和熟练工人一样好。 (as well as)
Although Tom graduated from college a month ago, he worked as well as a skilled worker. 4) 我们像人们介绍可持续发展如何与我们的日常说话紧密相连，而且希望这个概念能够深入人心。 (take root in)
We explain to people how “sustainable development” is closely linked with our everyday life and hope that this concept can take root in our community.
5) 在战争爆发两年之后，这两个兄弟把他的感受毫无拘束地说了出来。 (open up)
The two brothers opened up about their feelings two years after war broke out.
Unit two 翻译 1) 由于他的努力，音乐会比我们预期的更成功。 (thanks to)
Thanks to his effort, the concert is more successful than we have expected. 2) 因为所有人的努力，我们公司渡过了一个又一个的经济危机。(pull through)
Because all of us work hard, our company has pulled through one economic crisis after another.
3) 大多数人都热爱大自然、向往和平自由的美好生活。而没有可持续发展，这一切都不太可能。(long for)
Most peoples love nature and long for peace and freedom, which is not quite possible without
sustainable development.
4) 博物馆里的每一张照片都让我们想起战争的残酷 (remind of)
Every photo in the museum reminds us of the cruelty of the war. 5) 你最好亲自去，而不要派某个人代表你。(in person)
Instead of sending somebody on your behalf, you had better go in person. 6) 他预测在未来的几年里这个地区不会发生地震。(break out)
He predicted that earthquakes would not break out in the next few years in this area. 2. Translate the following sentences into Chinese. 1)市场的进一步缩小将会导致经济危机的爆发。
2) 因为世博会，我们都很渴望有机会去上海。
3) 我们的英语老师建议我们在网上下载最新的英文电影。
4) 如果没人站出来说出这个项目的问题，这个项目就不可能有所改进。 5) 我们相信在朋友们的帮助下公司能渡过这场经济危机。
6) 很多医生对这个新型的感冒很困惑，并尽他们所能及早找到解决方法。
第三篇：博士课后英语翻译习题
中南大学肿瘤研究所博士英语课后翻译内部资料版有所权
Unit1
1. “Equality between women and men is no longer a negotiable issue.”…. “As long as women remain unequal,
they cannot have access to resources, they can never participate in political decision-making, they cannot make their choices in life. That is the bottom line.” Mrs Mongella says women round the world ear all concerned about equality. In developing countries, in states emerging as industrial powers, in the countries of west, women are looking for action, action she sometimes calls a revolution.
男女平等已不是什么可以商讨的问题。只要妇女仍处於不平等的地位，他们就得不到各种资源，永远无法参加政治决策，甚至在生活中都不能做出自己的选择。这就是底线。Mongella夫人说全世界的女人都关心平等问题。无论是发展中国家，正在成为工业国的国家，还是西方国家，妇女都希望采取行动，她有时称之为革命。
2. 一些妇女认为牺牲一个女婴可以确保下次怀孕生个儿子。
Some women believe that sacrificing a female infant guarantees a son in the next pregnancy.
3. 对于许多母亲来说，亲自宣判女儿的死刑，胜过判定女儿一辈子遭受歧视忍受贫困。
For many mothers， sentencing a daughter to death is better than condemning her to life with cradle-to-grave discrimination and poverty
4. 城市妇女可以根据胎儿性别选择堕胎，因为他们更容易有机会享用现代医学技术。
In urban areas，easier access to modern medical technology enables women to undergo sex-selective abortions
5. 在印度，一个年轻女子只是被看成是她出生家庭的临时成员，而且对这个家庭的财力是极大的消耗。
In India, a young women is regarded as a temporary member of her natural family and a drain on its wealth
6. 烧柴做饭的女人一天吸入的致癌物质相当于每天抽20包烟。
Those women who use wood fuels in cooking inhale carcinogenic pollutants that are the equivalent of smoking 20 packs of cigarettes a day
7. 妇女的健康需求过去常常被忽视，或者被认为和男人的相同。去年开罗的大会上一致认为不安全的流
产，应该是整个医疗保健中要注意的一个方面。多次会议都承认，必须理解妇女有特殊的健康需求，妇女应充分获得足够的医疗卫生服务。
Women’s health needs have in the past often been over looked, or assumed to be the same as man’s. At Cairo conference last year it was agreed that the consequence of unsafe abortions are part of overall health care. The conferences recognize that women have specific health needs which must be understood, and that women must have full access to adequate health-care services.
Unit 2
1. In 1993 national survey of 50,000 junior and senior high school students revealed a marked increase in
marijuana use among high school students. One of the researchers noted, we have the unenviable role of informing the country that drug use are making a comeback, that the epidemic could be re-emerging.This increase in the use of marijuana on the part of teenagers is significant because of some of this young people, pot will become a gateway drug, that is, a relatively mild or soft mind-altering substance that lead to the ingestion more powerful drugs. Substance abuse expert Herbert Kleber notes, if you used marijuana less than 10 times the likelihood of use cocaine was practically nil. But if you used marijuana more than 100 times, or twice a week for a year, the likelihood of using cocaine went up 70 percent.
1993年国家对5万名初中高中生进行的调查显示中学生中吸食大麻的人数明显上升。一个研究人员陈述说，我们肩负一个不值得羡慕的责任，要让全国人民了解到吸食毒品现象正在回潮，这一流行病有可能重新出现。就青少年这方面而言，吸食大麻的这种上升是值得注意的。因为对一些年轻人来说，大麻会成为一种入门毒品，即，这种相当温醇和轻微改变意识的物质会导致吸食更具效力的毒品。专门从事毒品滥用研究的专家Herbert Kleber说，你如果吸食大麻少于10次，吸食可卡因的可能性实际上为零。但是，如果你吸食大麻超过100次，或者说一年里每周两次，那么吸食可卡因的可能性就
上升到70%。
2. 如果你到医院去，你会见到病人在做手术前吸止痛药
If you go to a hospital, you will find that patients usually snort pain-killing medicine before an operation
3. 那个议员在她的政党里是一股很强的势力，所以她今年很可能赢得今年的那个席位
Since the senator is a potent force in her political party, she is most surely to win the place this year
4. 自从他得知了事实真相以来，他就一直寻找机会为被谋杀的兄弟报仇
He has been seeking vengeance for the murder of his brother since he was told of the fact
5. 在较长的节假日周末，死亡人数会因为车祸上升
On long holidays weekends there is always raise in the number of fatalities due to auto accidents
6. 你在中学度过的那段时间是你受教育的一个重要时期
The time you spent in high school is an important phase of your education
7. 然而，我应该指出的是在医学和科学研究领域里，实际上在进行认真的，并且是有价值与毒品有关的
工作。但是，在对毒品政策进行大规模的讨论中，学术界和知识界的来说没有提出什么好办法，提出的办法也很少真正有用。 I should point out, however, that in the field of medical and scientific research, there is indeed serious and valuable drug-related work going on. But in the great public policy debate over drugs, the academic and intellectual communities have by and large had little to contribute, and little of that has been genuinely useful. Unit 3
1. The primacy of genes also assumes that genes act on their own. How do they know when to turn on and off the synthesis of particular proteins? If you view genes as autonomous, the answer is that they just know. No one tells a gene what to do; instead, that bucks start and stop there. However, that view is far from accurate too. Within the staggeringly long sequences of DNA, it turns out that only a tiny percentage of letters actually form the words that constitute genes and serve as code for proteins. More than 95 percent of DNA, instead, is non-coding. Much of DNA simple constitute on and off switches for regulating the activity of genes. It’s like you have a 100-page book, and 95 of the pages are instructions and advice for reading the other five pages. Thus, genes don’t independently determine when proteins are synthesized. They follow instructions originating somewhere else.What regulates those switches? In some instances, chemical messengers from other parts of the cell. In other cases, messengers from other cells in the body (this is the way many hormones work). And, critical, in still other cases, genes are turned on or off by environmental factors. As a crude example, some carcinogens work by getting into cells, binding to one of those DNA switches and turning on genes that cause the uncontrolled growth that constitutes cancer.
基因至上论还认为基因可自发作用。基因如何知道何时开始和结束某些蛋白质的合成呢?如果你将基因看成是自发作用的，那么结论就是基因自己知道如何行事。没有人告诉基因应该怎么做;换而言之，他们自主行事。但是，这种观点也远非正确。结果证实，在长得惊人的DNA链中，事实上只有很小一部分字母组成了构成基因的词汇并充当蛋白质的密码。95%以上的DNA只是构成了调节基因活动的开关。这就像你有一本100页的书，其中有95页是关于如何阅读另外5页的指示和建议。因此，基因不是独立地决定什么时候合成蛋白质的。他们需要根据来自外部的指示行事。那么是什么调节这些开关呢?有些时候，是来自细胞其他部分的化学信使担当此任。在另外一些情况下，化学信使来自于身体的其他细胞(许多荷尔蒙是这样工作的)。而起关键作用的是，在还有一些情况下，基因的关闭和开启由环境因素决定。举个简单的例子，一些致癌物质通过进入细胞内部起作用，它们吸附在某些DNA开关的一个开关上，启动能造成细胞增长失控的基因，最终导致癌症。再比如，一只母耗子通过舔抚小耗子而引发一系列的事件，最终启动小耗子体内与生长有关的基因。
2. 赛莱拉公司已经把他们测得的20多个显示出特质的基因登记申请专利。
Celra has filed for about two dozen patents on the identification of genes that signal for unique traits
3. 对科学家来说，未来几年中一个更迫切要面对的道德难题是：有多少基因密码应该公开，有又有多少
内容各有关公司有权申请专利以为他们的研究提供资金。
A more immediate ethical dilemma that sciences face in the coming years is deciding how much of genetic code should be made public and how much companies should have the right to patent to fund their research.
4. 各类机构会因为各种各样的事情而越来越希望获得个人的基因图谱。
Increasingly agencies are going to want genetic profiling for all kinds of things
5. 基因学研究从来没有像现在这样包罗万象，涵盖了从医学到社会学每个学科。
The study of genetic will never be so all encompassing as to gobble up every subject from medicine to sociology.
6. 或者是，炎热中母灵长类动物散发的气味会诱发公灵长类动物体内有关生殖的基因开始工作。
Or the smell of a female in heat will activate genes in certain male primates related to reproduction.
7. 基因芯片这种能力的奥秘在于两股DNA以非常独特的方式结合在一起这一事实。两股DNA形成的双
螺旋线的内部链接由标名为ATCG的四种不同的化学单位或碱基组成。一股DNA上的A总是链接到另一股DNA的T上;同样，C总是和G相连。因此，知道一股DNA上的碱基顺序也就知道了另一股DNA上的碱基顺序。 The secret to this ability lies in that fact two strands of DNA adhere in a very specific way. The inner rungs of the double helix formed by two DNA strands are made up of four deferent chemical unit, or base, dubbed ATCG. The A’s on one strand always link to T’s on the other; likewise, C’s always bind G’s. Thus, knowing the sequence of base on one strand reveals the sequence on the other. Unit4
1. Now, in 1995, the time has come to bring the vision of a global marshall plan into focus again. Getting on
with the industrial revolution is the most urgent challenge civilization faces now. if foreign aid was being considered an act of common humanity at mid-century, it is now dictated by the exigencies of common survival. The population of the world has more than doubled since 1950-from 2.5 billion to 5.3 billion. The number of living in direct poverty has increased to 1.3 billion-close to the total population of underdeveloped countries in 1950. The population is doubling now again. The number in direct poverty could equal the present world population. A doubling after that would bring human species close to full occupation of the Earth.
到了1995年，全球马歇尔计划再次成为焦点。如今文明所面临的最紧迫挑战是伴随着工业革命。如果说上个世纪中叶外国援助被看成是普通的人道精神，而现在则受到普遍的生存需求的支配。自从1950年以来，全世界人口增加了一倍多—从25亿增加到53亿。直接生活在贫困中的人口增加到了13亿---接近1950年时不发达国家的总人数。现在人口还在翻番。到某天直接生活在贫困的人口总数可能等于现在的人口总数。在这之后，人口再翻番的话，人类就将充斥着整个地球。
2. 尽管Davos文化在全球事务中有着极其重要的影响，但它远不能作为全球文明统一的象征
While the davos culture is playing a tremendously important role in global affairs, it is far from a symbol of a universal civilization.
3. 只有无知傲慢才会使西方人认为，西方产品的全球化将带来全球的西化
Only naïve arrogance can lead westerners to assume that the whole world will become westernized by the globalization of western goods.
4. 非西方国家经济的迅速发展导致了能适合满足不同社会品味的地区性区域性传播业的发展。 The rapid economic development in non-western countries is leading to the emergence of local and regional media industries which cater to various social tastes.
5. 英语已经成为不同民族交往时使用的混合语，这一现象正好说明了世界上存在着不同文化这一事实。
The English language has become the world’s lingua franca, which presupposes the existence of separate
cultures.
6. 认为某种全球统一文明正在出现的论点仅仅基于人们的一些设想。
The argument that some sort of universal civilization is emerging rests on some assumptions.
7. 随着国家之间联系的日益紧密，经济上的相互依存和优势互补也越发明显。任何国家都不能置身于国
际事务之外，不能脱离世界大市场。经济生活的国际化，要求各国在经济科技金融贸易等领域开展广泛的交流合作。
As the countries become increasingly closer in their relations, their economic interdependence and mutual support of relative advantages have grown all the more obvious. No country can afford to stand aloof from the international community and isolate itself from the global market. The internationalization of economic life requires that all countries conduct extensive exchange and co-operation in economies, technology, finance, trade and other fields.
Unit5
1. American medical television series, such as ER, regularly show the hi technology used in modern US
hospitals. A good example is the thin flat screens used on all computers. Know why they have thin, flat monitors? Because they are LCD, which is less bulky and smaller than the standard CRT, the kind used in television sets. The LCD screens don’t emit any electromagnetic radiation, which could interfere with the heart machines and other sophisticated electronic equipment in hospitals and thereby cause crisis. LCD screens are lighter, flatter and throw out less heat than CRTs. They are also at least three times the price and as such, out of the league of home users. This won’t be the case forever, and technologies such as Fujitsu’s super-thin Plasmavision screen ($16000 for the 42-inch or 1.07metre model) will get cheaper, too.
美国有关医疗的电视连续剧，如急症室的故事不断表现出现代美国医院所使用的高科技。一个很好的例子就是所有的计算机都使用又薄又平的显示器。知道为什么使用又薄又平的显示器吗?因为它们是液晶显示的，比应用在电视机上的准阴极射线管显示器更小，更轻便。液晶显示器不会释放出任何电磁波而电磁波会干扰检查心脏的仪器和医院里的其他先进的电子仪器，从而引发危险。液晶显示器更轻，更平，而且比阴极射线管显示器释放更少的热量。但是，它们的价格也会至少高出一两倍，正因为如此，是家庭使用者望尘莫及的。情况不会永远这样，像富士通的超薄显示器(42寸或1.07米的价格是16000美元)也会降价。
2. 计算机犯罪从心怀不满的职员对其先前供职的公司搞破坏，到某公司非法进入其竞争对手的电脑里窃取商业机密。
Computer crimes range from a disgruntled employee who sabotages his former company to a company that hacks into a competitor’s computer to steal trade secrets.
3. 商家将会抛弃个人计算机，而转向使用更为方便的网络计算机，到处由计算机相连的办公室和可携式
计算机。
Business will dump PC and embrace easier-to-use net work computers, ubiquitous computing office and wearable computers. 4. 这种对个人监控已经出现在计算机世界里了
This kind of personal surveillance has begun in cyberspace.
5. 电子货币留下显示犯罪的事实痕迹，结果导致更多的逮捕定罪，这些告发反过来又会制止更多的犯罪。
Electronic money would leave incriminating trails of data, resulting in more arrests and convictions. These prosecutions, in turn, would inhibit further crimes.
6. 这将使许多计算机程序出现混乱，如果不加以修复，许多公用设施、装配线、银行自动取款机、交通
信号灯和电梯等都可能关闭。
This will turn many computer programs to mush. Unchecked, many public utilities assembly lines, bank teller machines, traffic lights and lifts may shut down.
7. 最近一项研究表明，在17251名因特网用户中，有6%的用户不同程度飞痴迷上网。这些网迷承认，他
们上网成癖导致了婚姻破裂，使孩子误入歧途，滋生犯罪而且经济上入不敷出。敲击键盘进入网迷站点，你会发现这样一些信息：嗨，我叫鲍勃，一个网虫。
A recent survey of 17251 internet users found nearly 6 percent had some sort of addiction to the medium. They revealed that their online habit contributed to disrupted marriages, childhood delinquency, crime and overspending. Tap into online addiction sites and you’ll find messages such as “hello, my name is bob and I’m a web aholic”.
Unit6
1. It is highly unlikely that the death penalty will ever operate so effectively as to save many more lives than other, less severe punishments. Yet, given its defects, it would have to save many more lives in order for it to be a genuine candidate for moral legitimacy. If it had this positive effect, we would be faced with an anguished choice, just as we would be faced with an anguished choice if we found that executing innocent people save many lives. Fortunately, all of this is merely hypothetical. We have no reason to believe that the death penalty does save more lives than other punishments, and so we need not actually confront this choice. 死刑判决同其他不如其严厉的惩罚相比根本不可能会会发挥有效的作用来挽救更多的生命。然而，考虑到它的缺点，它会不得不去挽救更多的生命让其成为道义上合法的真正的选择。如果它有积极的效果，我们就会面临一个痛苦的选择，正如我们发现处决无辜的人会挽救更多的生命所面临的痛苦选择一样。幸好所有这些都仅仅是假设。我们无理由相信死刑判决会比其他惩罚挽救更多的生命。所以，实际上我们无需面对这一选择。
2. 高速公路的中央分车带有助于防止交通事故的发生。
The median or median strip on the expressway prevents accidents.
3. 她通过出示拥有土地的法律文件维护自己对土地的所有权。
She vindicated her claim to the land by producing legal documents showing that she owns it.
4. 现在许多著名的运动员都为体育器材和其他产品作宣传。
Nowadays many athletes endorse sports equipment and other products.
5. 翻船的时候，那个男人显得十分胆怯，自己得救了，却让自己的老婆淹死了。
When the boat turned over, the man showed cowardice by saving himself while leaving his wife to drown.
6. 他总爱把财富等同于人生的成功。
He always equates wealth with success in life.
7. 犯罪学家Greg Newbold说，犯罪率以一种难以解释的循环方式忽上忽下，减少犯罪并没有简单的解决
方法。加重判刑和增加警察数量只能增加纳税人的负担，实行死刑也不一定能降低犯罪率。罪犯会学会那些Criminology 手段，并找到逃避的方法。 Greg Newbold says that crime rates spiral up and down in unexpected cycles and there are no easy solutions to reduce crime. Tougher sentences and more police mean an increasing drain on taxpayers and there is no certainty that they will continue to lower crime levels. Criminals will learn to live with those methods and find way around them.
Writing
Foreign Languages Department,
Guangdong Normal University,
Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
March 15, 2001
Office of Graduate Studies
College of New Jersey
USA Dear Professor Cooper,
I am writing this letter in recommendation of Mr Li Wen, who intends to pursue advanced studies in your college for a master’s degree.
Mr Li was one of my best students in 1980-1984, when he was studying in the Guangdong Normal University’s Department of Foreign Languages of which I was chairman.
Mr Li is good at English speaking and writing. He has published many academic papers and works on English studies and teaching, winning admiration from the readers.
I sincerely hope that Mr Li’s application for admission to your school will be favorably considered, leading to his entry into your school.
Sincerely yours,
Wang Hua
Professor of English Guangdong Normal University
第四篇：大学英语课后翻译总结
Minh Pham was born in Vienam.
1. learn 2.ask 3.Fitting 4.holding hands 5.avoid
Some people believe that international sport creates goodwill
1. led 2.Hockey 3.too much 4.that competitiveness 5.The
We have saved as a final set of emotions,
1. hate 2.Because love is very complex 3.A strong positive 4.anger,jealousy 5.depend other One of the strongest reasons for the raising of the school
1. To provide children 2.misses 3.many of 4.they have 5.has not
Life really should be one long journey of joy for children who ……
1. are not 2.He is known 3.Money can give 4.wealth 5.rich parents
What you give your relatives,
1. gifts can tell 2.a gift that agrees 3.gifts made by hand 4.A supportive one 5.you are more Every two weeks,a group of……
1. groups of men 2.things that could be bought 3.Fighting 4.The fighters 5.By asking The smart job-seeker needs to get rid of several standard myths,
1. to get the job 2.two sides 3.it is unlikely 4.be free 5.the way
As we consider what makes one man better than the other,
1. chose things 2.taking care 3.good sense 4.put good 5.applying thought
Throughout July 1945,the Japanese mainlang,
1.The birth 2.The danger 3.To develop 4.Between 105,000 and 120,000 people 5.Around 40,000
第五篇：翻译学课后习题重点总结
翻译的标准 (李玉杰) Criteria of Translation Alexander Tytler: 1. A translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work; 译文应完整地再现原文的思想内容
2. The style and manner of writing should be of the same character as that of the original; 译文的风格和笔调应与原文的性质相同
3. A translation should have all the ease of the original composition. 译文应像原文一样流畅自然 Nida
Functional equivalence 功能对等
In the light of linguistic orientation, translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. ( Nida ) (翻译是用最恰当、自然和对等的语言从语义到文体再现源语的信息) Yan Fu Faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance信、达、雅 Qian Zhongshu Sublimation 化境 Fu Lei Similarity in spirit 神似
Lu Xun Faithfulness and smoothness忠实、通顺
Liu Zhongde Faithfulness, expressiveness and closeness 信达切 Gu Zhengkun Polyadic complementary standard 多元互补标准 Chen Hongwei Correspondence in meaning and similarity in function 意义相符 功能相似
Equivalence 等值 Equivalent effect等效
Chapter1 (戴越越)
1. 翻译的本质
In the light of linguistic orientation, translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. ( Nida )
By signs involved in it, intralingual translation, interlingual translation and intersemiotic translation. (Roman Jakobson)
Translation is in essence during different information exchange and communication. (textbook)
5. 翻译学研究的思维特点
1) Combination of systematic analysis and systematic comprehension
2) Combination of vertical orientation and landscape orientation
3) Combination of accuracy and ambiguity
4) Combination of radiation and convergence
5) Combination of recall and advance
6. 翻译学的学科特点
Translatology is also called Science of Translation or Study of Translation. Translatology is a science to study translation. It is a comprehensive science consisting of general translatology, special translatology and applied translatology. It deals with general laws of translation, studies of translation with special reference to Chinese and English, and methods to apply theories to practice.
8. 新老三论的内容
1). Philosophic Method
2). Horizontal Method
3). Discipline Method
9. 什么是学科方法 翻译中常用的学科方法有?
Different languages have the same structural principal:
1). Consonant + vowel
2). Intonation
3). Extending from concrete to abstract
4). Reasonable word
5). Adj.+N.; Adv.+V. 6). Coordination
7). Shift of perspective
8). Subject + predicate
9). Active and passive
10). Negative, interrogative, command
Chapter2 (段娟) Association: 4，联想：联想既是译者在接受原文时的一种途径和方法，也是再传播过程中再创造的基础。联想是在一定条件下所产生的对原文文本的一种偏离。但这种偏离又不违背原文文本的整体性意义和底蕴与内涵，往往使译文更生动，形象，更富于创作性。
想象不同于联想，它并不只局限于形象性而是基于原文的总体框架和意蕴，而产生出更大的创造性，它可以使原文的片断变成整体，使部分变成圆满，空缺得到填充，不定得到确定，他是一种创造意识。 5，Functions and status of the original text:
①The original text is the medium of the author and translator. ②Translation is a rewriting of the original text. 8，所谓“权力”，是指一切控制力与支配力
所谓“话语”，这一术语在Foucalt(福柯)那里，早已超出语言学和文艺学中的话语概念。它是“权力”的表现形式，所有权力都是通过话语来实现的。 原因：译者的知识结构，教育背景，经历与经验，都会形成不同于别人的先在结构，他又是以这种先在结构作为基础参与作者对话的，其对话后生成的意义必然不可能完全与他人相同。
12， Multiplicity of translation criteria 信、达、雅 忠实、通顺 神似 化境 等值 等效
Faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance Faithfulness and smoothness Similarity in spirit
Sublimation Equivalence Equivalent effect 可以说，对于翻译活动而言，企图定出一条放之四海而皆准的标准时不可能的。它必须是多元的，它们之间有各自的侧重，又可以互为补充。
Chapter3 (李玢伟)
(1)1. Whatever relation of the two objects is, substitution or association, symbol does not refer to the object itself, hence the meaning comes out; 2. Symbol has a material form, otherwise, it can not be aware by the receiver; 3. Symbol process includes sender and receiver, that is, a relation of subject and object.
(4)老师没有给出具体的答案，在书上第84-85页。 (5)老师没有给出具体的答案，在书上第86-87页。
(15) 老师没有给出具体的答案，在书上第154，第159-160页。
(这道题我没有勾，但是其他同学勾上了，所以我还是找答案了!)
Chapter 4 (黄先群)(这章老师没有给题目，就总结了一下PPT) 4.1 Objective Study ---- Meaning Searching 4.1.1 Meaning is the combination of the two(Yizhi and Yiwei).
Translation is translating meaning. (Nida)
Meaning is the tie of the subject and object. It is also the tie of man and the world.
Translation is a cross cultural, cross interlingual communicative activity. 4.1.2 Original Text – The Decisive As Well As the Open One P168的四点问题
(1)The language the author used with personal experience and emotional force (2)The distance between the author and the language he used (3)The abstract and ambiguity of the language itself
(4)Different people, different understanding 4.1.3 Heteronomy of the Text---- the Main Evidence of Translator
Literal works contain not only authorythmicity but also heteronomy.
Language is a tool of communication. 4.2 Aspect Features of Literary Text Ingargen put forward: There are five aspects in the combination of form and contents: (1)Sound (2)Combination of meaningful units(3)Represented object (4)Schematized aspects(5)Metaphysical quality Prof. Tong Qingbing put forward: There are three aspects in the literary text: (1)Literal discourse(2)Literary image(3)Literary implication 4.3.2 Text of Law and Its Translation The following rules should be followed: 1. Clear in order 2. Accurate in language 3. Serious in writing 4. Formal in style Text of Advertisement and Its Translation Advertisement has the following functions: Informative function Aesthetic function Expressive function Vocative function Principle : Similarity in function Slogan of Advertisement:Literal translation, shift of perspective and imitative translation:
Chapter 5 (孙晓莉)
1. What is power discourse?(P207) Power discourse theory is put forward by French philosopher Michel Foucault who defined “power” as all the things and concepts that could direct and control people’s ideas and behaviors. And discourse in his theory is far beyond that in linguistics and literature.
According to him, discourse is the form of power and all power come into effect in the way of discourse, namely, in fact, power refers to the power to deliver a discourse. Restrictions from power discourse: External Control ------ Society Control/ Ideology Control Internal Control of Languages
2. What functions do context have?
Context has 8 functions: (according to 西桢光正教授 P219) Absolute function Restrictive function Explanatory function Design function Omission and amplification function Generative function Transformational function Acquisition function
Chapter 6(易三琴) 1. 翻译主体有哪些责任? 社会责任social responsibility 学术责任academic responsibility 道德责任moral responsibility 2. 翻译者的主体性在传统翻译研究中为什么不受重视?
因为对于大多数不懂外文的人来说，它们往往把译文文本当作原文文本来读，以为至理，以为指南
3. 主体和客体的关系是什么?在翻译活动中是如何体现的?
主体和客体是一对关系范畴，它们互相规定，彼此依存。 4. 译者的再创造性主要体现在哪几个方面? “Recreation” mainly embodies the following:
Psychological attention and aesthetic expectation before reading; Recreation and reconstruction of text in the process of reading; Text reconstruction in the process of translation 5. 为什么说译者既有主动的一面又有被动的一面? 因为它受着外界的制约，也受着客体本身的制约
Chapter 7 (陈咏梅)
5 语义成分成分分析在翻译活动中起到怎样的作用?(P302-310) Componential Analysis Word can be divided into sememes which can be called semantic feature or semantic components. This method is called componential analysis. The function of the componential analysis is to help the translator understand the accurate meaning of words in original text. Componential analysis is also a good way for checking when translation is done. Componential analysis is an effective way in doing accurate translation, getting the text fully understood and assuring the quality of translation. Componential analysis is an important step in control activity in translation. 11. 翻译腔的问题应如何看待?(P316-318) Advantages and Disadvantages of Translationese 13. 风格是否可译?在风格翻译中影遵循怎样的原则?(P319-330) Language style refers to language characteristics Chinese: parataxis, topic-prominent language English: hypotaxis, subject-prominent language Parole style is dynamic. Style translation refers to parole style. Generalized Style and Style in Narrow Sense Views of generalized style include factors of language style and factors of non-language style. Views of style in narrow sense include author’s language style and rhetorical style Subjective Style and Objective Style Subjective style is also called individual style. Objective style is a general style. System of Style and Translation Principles Style is a systematical structure.
Other characteristics of system of style: 1. Material feature 2. Entirety 3. Unique 4. Sensible There are five basic principles in system : 1. Entirety 2. Structure 3. Level 4. Environment 5. Optimization