浙江高中英语语法范文第1篇
一、 名词:
1、专有名词：(1)人名 (2)街道和建筑 (3)星期月份节日 (3)国家城市 (4)大洲大洋江湖
2、普通名词：(1)直接加s(2)以s x ch sh结尾的+es(3)以 y结尾的把y 改成 i+es (4)o结尾的+es特
殊的photo→photos tomato→tomatoes (5)f、fe结尾的改 f、fe为 v+es ,⑹oo 结尾+szoo-zoos⑺ woman→women，child-children⑻ 单数复数形式相同
3、可数名词：
4、不可数名词：⑴不能加s⑵前面不能用 a,an,可以用 the⑶一类事物不可数名词做主语，谓语动词用单数⑷两
类以上不可数名词做主语，谓语用复数⑸ a cup of tea
5、名词的所有格：⑴单数名词词尾+’s⑵词尾不是s的复数名词词尾+’s⑶词尾是s的复数名词词尾+’⑷店铺教
堂某人的家时，所有格’s后面通常不出现它所修饰的名词⑸分别+’s，最后一个人名+’s⑹ of用在没有生命上，’s用在有生命上
二、冠词：
6、不定冠词 a an
7、定冠词 the ⑴特定人或物⑵用于上文提到的人或事⑶世上独一无二的事物⑷形容词前⑸序数词，形容词最高级⑹由普通名词构成的专有名词前⑺乐器⑻姓氏的复数名词前：一家人⑼ only very same前
8、不用定冠词的情况：⑴国家地名人名⑵复数名词⑶季节月份星期⑷三餐球类娱乐运动
三、 代词
9、人称代词
10、物主代词⑴形容性物主代词my his her our their ⑵名词性物主代词mine his ours them
11、反身代词myself
12、指示代词thisthesethatthose
13、 疑问代词whowhomwhosewhichwhat
14、 不定代词⑴some,any,no修饰可数名词，不可数名词。Some肯定句any否定和疑问 no 用在肯定句中表示否定⑵many,much,a few,a little,few,little ⑶-body,-one,-thing.everybody,somebody,anybody,nobody,
everyone,someone,anyone,no one,everything,something,anything,nothing.
四、 形容词
15形容词种类和位置
16形容词比较等级及构成：⑴以e结尾+er,+est.⑵以y结尾→ier→iest⑶重读闭音节末尾只有一个辅音字母的双写词尾+er,+est.⑷两个或两个以上音节的词前+more+most.
17形容词比较等级的用法：⑴两者比较：s+形容词原形+as⑵两者比较：容词比较级+than⑶三个比较：the+最高级+
范围
五、 副词
18副词种类和位置
19副词比较等级及构成 badly-worse-worst,much-more-must
20副词比较等级的用途
六、 数词
21基数词:100,a/one handred101one handred and one,4000 four thousand1000000(一百万)one million 1000000000
( 十亿) one billion
22序数词
23时刻表示法⑴5:30 five thirty或 half past five
⑵9:05 nine five或five past nine⑶6:50six fifth或ten to seven
⑷7:15 a quarter past seven或seven fifteen⑸8:45 a quarter to nine或eight forth-five 24日期表示法⑴2009年6月2日June 2nd,2009或2nd of June ,2009英语里面：月 日 年
⑵1995年 nineteenninety-five
1826年eigteen oh six
⑶5月8日写May 8th读May the eighth或May eight
小 学 英 语 语 法 总 结 2
⑷9月1日写September 21(st)读September the twenty-firstSeptember 或 twenty-one
25数词其他几种用法⑴1/3 one third2/5 two fifths
⑵21.6 twenty-one point six0.008 zero point zero zero eigth
⑶5%five percent0.8%zero point eight percent
⑷一倍once两倍twice六倍six times
⑸第503房间Room 50315美元15dollors=$1英镑1pound=￡
七、 介词
26时间介词:at, on ,in, before, after, from, during
27方位介词:on ,in, over, under, behind ,infront of,near,among
28其他一些常见介词用法:by,in,for,of,about,like,with
八、 连词和感叹词
29连词:and, but, or, becausealthough/though,both……and,not only……but also,neither……nor既不……也不
(并列)either……or或者.....或者(选择)
30感叹词
九、 动词
31动词种类⒈及物动词直接接宾语。
2不及物动词不直接接宾语。
3助动词：do , does,did.
4.系动词be,(am,is,are)look(看起来) smell( 闻起来)get(变得) become(成为) seem (似乎)turn
(变成)
5情态动词：can,may,must,will,shall,should,need
32动词基本形式
十、 动词时态(一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、现在完成时、过去进行时、过去
完成时、过去将来时共8个时态)
33一般现在时：⑴含有be动词(am is are)⑵不含有be动词动词用三单、疑问句Do、Does，否定句don’t、doesn’t 34一般过去时：⑴含有be动词(was were) ⑵不含有be动词动词变为过去式，疑问句Did否定句didn’t+yesterday… 35一般将来时:⑴主语+be(am is are) going to do⑵主语+will+动词原形 ⑶主语+shall+动词原形+tomorrow过去将来时:⑴主语+(was were) +动词原形⑵主语+would+动词原形
36现在进行时:⑴主语+be(am is are)+ 动词ing
37过去进行时：⑴主语+be(werewas)+ 动词ing
38现在完成时：主语+havehas+动词过去分词 since,
过去完成时:主语+had+动词过去分词
十一、 陈述句
39陈述句的分类
十二、 疑问句
40一般疑问句
41特殊疑问句:what,whose,who,which,when,where ,why,how(tall, old, long, many, much)
42选择疑问句，反义疑问句
十三、 祈使句
十四、 感叹句
1.What+a +形容词+可数名词单数+主语+谓语
2.How+形容词+主语+谓语
3.How+ 副词+主语+谓语
十五、 There be ：There is,
浙江高中英语语法范文第2篇
“ Must we do it now?” “ No, you ______.”
A. won’tB. needn’tC. can’tD. don’t
2. You _____ to the meeting this afternoon if you have something important to do.
A. needn’t to comeB. don’t need comeC. don’t need comingD. needn’t come
3. “ May I pick a flower in the garden?” “ _________.”
A. No, you needn’tB. Not, pleaseC. No, you mustn’tD. No, you won’t
4. You’d better ______ late next time.
A. don’tB. not beC. not beingD. won’t be
5. “ Can I leave this door open at night?”“ You _____ .”
A. should better not B.would better not C.had better not D.had not better
6. Put on more clothes. You _____ be feeling cold with only a shirt on.
A. canB. couldC. wouldD. must
7. You _________ return the book now. You can keep it till next week if you like.
A. can’tB. mustn’tC. needn’tD. may not
8. A computer ______ think for itself; it must be told what to do.
A. can’tB. couldn’tC. may notD. might not
9.----Could I borrow your dictionary?---- Yes, of course you _______.
A. mightB. willC. canD. should
10. ----_______ we go skating or stay at home?---- Which would you rather do yourself?
A. ShallB. MustC. WillD. Should
11. Peter _______ come with us tonight, but he isn’t very sure yet.
A. mustB. mayC. canD. will
12. ----Shall I tell John about it?---- No, you _______. I’ve told him already.
A. needn’tB. wouldn’tC. mustn’tD. shouldn’t
13. ----- Don’t forget to come to my birthday party tomorrow.----- ___________.
A. I don’tB. I won’tC. I can’tD. I haven’t
14. It’s nearly seven o’clock. Jack _____ be here at any moment.
A. mustB. needC. shouldD.can
15.My brother called to say he was all right, but _______ say where he was.
A.mustn’tB.shouldn’tC.wouldn’tD.mightn’t
二 巩固题
1.Your pen is here. That ______ be yours.
A. may notB. can’tC. must notD. can
2.--- You _____ wear a dress(礼服) tonight. You can’t go to the concert in those dirty jeans. ---- Yea, mother, I _____.
A. will; willB. may; canC. must ; willD. have to ; may
3. --- Bonny hasn’t come back yet.
--- Well, where_____ she have gone on such a night?
A. shouldB. mayC. mustD. could
4. I wish to use your bike, ______?
A. don’t IB. may IC. doID. shouldn’t I
5. See who’s there! ______ I t be Mary?
A. MayB. MustC. CanD. Will
6. ---- ______ the film be on now?
---- It ______be, but I’m not too sure.
A. Can, can’tB. May, mustn’tC. Must, needn’tD. Can, may
7. John _____ be a basketball player. He’s much too short.
A. mayB. mustn’tC. can’tD. should
8. You _____ call him, for(因为) he’ll surely come here soon.
A. needn’tB. mustn’tC. may notD. can’t
9. I talked for a long time, and in the end I _____ make him believe me.
A. was able toB. couldC. mayD. might
10. Please open the window, ______? (88，上海)
A. can’t youB. aren’t youC. do youD. will you
11. ---- Write to me when you get home.(01, 春招)
---- ____________.
A. I mustB. I shouldC. I willD. I can
12. --- I hear you’ve got a set of valuable Australian coins. _____ I have a look?( 02,上海春招)---- Yes, certainly.
A. DoB. MayC. Shalld. Should
13. My English –Chinese dictionary has disappeared . Who _______ have taken it? (03,上海春招)
A. shouldB. mustC. couldD. would
14.--- I hear they went skiing in the mountains last winter.(02, 北京)
--- It __________ true because there was little snow there.
A. may not beB. won’t beC. couldn’t beD. mustn’t be
15. A left- luggage office is a place where bags ______ be left for a short time, especially at a railway station.(03)
A. shouldB. canC. mustD.will
16. ---- Isn’t that Ann’s husband over there?
----- No, it ____ be him. I am sure he doesn’t wear glasses. (04 , 1)
A. can’tB. mustn’tC. won’tD. may not
17. You ___________ be tired ----- you’ve only been working for an hour.(04,2)
A. must notB. won’tC. can’tD. may not
18. I often see lights in that empty house. Do you think I ______ report it the police?(04,3)
A. shouldB. mayC. willD. can
19. Tom, you_____ leave all your clothes on the floor like this!(05,1,2)
A. wouldn’tB. mustn’tC. needn’tD. may not
20. The World Wide Web is sometimes jokingly called the world wide wait because it ______ be very slow.
浙江高中英语语法范文第3篇
一. 动词是表示动作或处于某种状态的词，它分为行为动词，系动词、助动词和情态动词，动词种类多，变化又复杂，是学习英语的难点之一，下面根据动词的特点进行归类，并提供一些辨别方法，以便于理解和掌握。
1. 行为动词在动词中数量最多，它含有实在的意义(又叫实义动词)，表示动作或状态，在句中可以单独作谓语，行为动词又分为及物动词和不及物动词，及物动词后面必须加宾语，意义才完整，不及物动词后面不能直接带宾语，常需要在宾语前加介词才能带宾语。
eg:
We study English very hard.
She has a book in her hand.
The sun rises in the east.
2. 连系动词本身有一定词义，但不能独立作谓语，必须与表语一起构成谓语，常见的连系动词有：be, look, sound, get, become等。
eg:
My parents are both farmers.
The milk tastes terrible.
The song sounds good.
3. 助动词本身无词义，不能独立作谓语，必须和主要动词构成谓语，表示疑问，否定，时态或其它语法形式。常见的助动词有：be, have, do, will, shall等。
eg:
Do you have a brother?
Have you got an English-Chinese dictionary?
I didn’t go to the cinema yesterday.
4. 情态动词本身有词义，但不能独立作谓语，只能和主要动词一起构成谓语，表示说话者的语气和情态，情态动词没有人称和数的变化，情态动词本身可以构成疑问和否定，常见的情态动词有：can, may, must, will, shall, need等。
eg: Can you sing the English song?
Everyone must get to school on time.
二. 动词的时态：
(一)时态概述：作谓语的动词用来表示动作(情况)发生时间的各种形式称为时态，英语中的时态，就是通过特殊的动词词尾或加一些相关的助动词be, have(has)等，用来表示动作或事件发生的不同时间和方面。
eg: He reads newspapers every day.
He read the newspaper yesterday.
He is going to read the newspaper tomorrow.
(二)一般现在时：
1. 动词变化：一般现在时主要用动词原形表示，但第三人称单数后要加词尾-s，另外be和have有特殊的人称形式。
在加词尾-s时要注意： 情况 加法 例词
一般情况 加-s reads, writes, says 以ch, sh, s, x, 或o收尾的词 加-es teaches, washes, guesses, fixes, goes 以“辅音字母+y”结尾的词 变y为i再加-es try-tries carry-carries 读音：
情况 读法 例词
在[p][t][k][f]等清辅音后 〔s〕 helps, hates, asks, laughs 在[s][z][ ][t ][d3]等音后 〔iz〕 faces, rises, wishes, watches, urges 在其他情况下 〔z〕 plans, cries, shows
2. 一般现在时主要表示：
(1)经常性或习惯性的动作，常与这样的时间状语连用：always, often, usually, sometimes等
eg: We always help each other.
It often snows in winter.
I get up early every morning.
(2)表示主语现在的特征、性格、能力等。
eg: He loves sports.
Jane is an outgoing girl.
Tom and Tim both have medium height.
(3)表示客观、普遍真理
eg:
Two and four makes six.
Water boils at 100℃
The moon moves round the earth.
3. 一般现在时的疑问句一般以在句首加助动词do，does的方式构成。第三人称单数加does，其他加do，这时动词一概用原形;动词be只需与主语位置对调就行了。
eg: Do you like English?
Do they have story books?
What does she do every evening?
Is she at home?
Are you good at English?
4. 一般现在时的否定式是do not(don’t)或does not (doesn’t)+动词原形来构成的，be动词做谓语动词只需在be后加not构成否定。
eg:
I don’t like oranges at all.
She doesn’t work in the TV station.
They aren’t students.
I’m not busy every weekend.
三. 现在进行时：
1. 动词变化：现在进行时由“am /is /are+动词现在分词”构成。加-ing的规则如下：
(1)一般在动词原形末尾加-ing。如：
stay-staying
do-doing
listen-listening suffer-suffering
work-working spend-spending
look-looking
(2)以不发音的字母e结尾的动词，先去掉e，再加-ing。如：
make-making take-taking
give-giving
ride-riding
please-pleasing refuse-refusing
close-closing operate-operating
(3)以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节词，先双写这个辅音字母，再加-ing。如：
put-putting
sit-sitting
run-running
win-winning
begin-beginning
2. 现在进行时的用法
(1)表示说话时正在进行或发生的动作，这时可以不用时间状语，也可以和now, at present, at the moment等时间状语连用。有时用一个动词，如look(看)，listen(听)。
eg: What are you reading now?
Listen! Someone is singing in the classroom.
(2)表示当前一段时期的活动或现阶段正在进行的动作。
eg: They are working in a factory these days.
More and more people are giving up smoking.
(3)表示最近按计划或安排要进行的动作。
现在进行时有时可表示一个在最近按计划或安排要进行的动作，即可以用来代替将来时。
eg: When are you leaving?
Are you going to Tibet tomorrow?
3. 现在进行时的否定句和疑问句比较简单。否定句在be(am, is, are)后面加not;疑问句把be动词移到主语前。
eg:
I am not working.
What are you reading now?
How are you feeling today?
The train isn’t arriving soon.
四. 一般过去时：
1. 动词变化：一般过去时主要表示过去的动作或状态，在句中由主语+动词的过去式来表达。 构成规则 原形 过去式 一般在动词末尾加-ed work plant play worked planted played 结尾是e的动词在末尾加-d like live change liked lived changed 末尾只有一个辅音字母的重读闭音节词，先双写这个辅音字母，再加-ed plan(计划) stop drop planned stopped dropped 以辅音字母加y结尾的，先变y为i再加-ed carry study cry carried studied cried
否定式 疑问式 否定疑问式 简单回答
I did not work. Did I work? Did I not work? Yes, you did. No, you didn’t.
You did not work. Did you work? Did you not work? Yes, I did. No, I didn’t.
He / She / It did not work. Did he / she / it work? Did he / she / it not work? Yes, he / she / it /did. No, he /she /it didn’t.
We did not work. Did we work? Did we not work? Yes, you did. No, you didn’t.
You did not work. Did you work? Did you not work? Yes, we did. No, we didn’t.
They did not work. Did they work? Did you they not work? Yes, they did. No, they didn’t.
2. 一般过去时的基本用法：
(1)带有确定的过去时间状语时，要用过去时。(eg: yesterday, last year, just now, two days ago, in the old days等)
eg: He left just now.
Lei Feng was a good soldier.
What did you have for breakfast this morning?
(2)表示过去某一段时间内经常或反复发生的动作，这时常和表示频度的状语连用。
eg: Last term we often did experiments.
He always went to work by bus. 五. be going to 表示一般将来
1. 用法：表示现在打算在最近或将来要做的事，或表示说话人根据已有的迹象认为很有可能要发生的事情，be随着人称的变化变成(am, is, are)
eg: We are going to have a new subject this year.
It’s going to rain this afternoon.
I’m going to be a pilot when I grow up.
2. be going to 的否定句在be动词后加上not;be going to 的疑问句把be动词移到主语前。
eg:
He isn’t going to see his brother tomorrow.
I’m not going to tell you about it.
Who’s going to use it?
Is your sister going to bring your lunch?
What are you going to do next Sunday.
【模拟试题】(答题时间：70分钟) 一. 改错：
例1：The rose dark red. →The rose is dark red.
1. He very likes swimming.
2. He can helps you.
3. We haven’t a good time.
4. What are you do after school every day?
5. Sometimes I listen music. sometimes I play outside.
6. The fish smells not good.
7. We should buy some chicken. There are little left.
8. There have many birds in the sky.
9. My mother’s glasses is broken.
10. A pair of shoes are nearly one thousand.
11. What colour are her hair?
12. Does he his homework?
13. A: Do you like your class?
B: Yes. I like.
14. He always do his shopping on Friday evening.
15. I very sorry I forgot your birthday.
16. I have no brother and sister.
二. 连词组句：
1. listen, morning, the, to, I, radio, the, in, often
2. of, men, nurses, good, sick, hospital, care, in, take, the
3. weekdays, he, the, goes, cinema, never, during, the, to
4. computer, got, new, you, a, have?
5. weekends, he, rest, does, a, got, have, on?
6. good, Li Ming, do, and, often, I deeds
7. museum, they, the, often, science, visit, how, do?
8. the, in, any, there, kitchen, food, is?
9. homework, does, day, when, Tom, his, every, where, and, do?
10. a, there, vegetables, many, but, apples, aren’t, lot, there, of, are, there
三. 用括号里的动词的适当形式填空：
1. There (be)______some glasses on it.
2. He (go)______to the park every day.
3. My uncle (live)______ in Nanjing now.
4. ______ Lucy and Lily (like)______China?
5. Li Lei(not like)______ to drink orange soda.
6. The girl (go)______ home at 4:30 in the afternoon.
7. ______ Kate (speak)______ French? Yes, she does.
8. Jim (not ride)______his bike often.
9. If he (be)______ free tomorrow, he (go)______ with us.
10. As soon as they (get)______ there next month, he (call)______me.
11. ______Li Ming’s father (have)______ his lunch at home?
12. Tom (not do)______the morning exercises often.
13. I (be)______ hungry and my sister (be)______ thirsty.
14. The baby (have)______ curly hair.
15. Everybody (have)______ a chance to win.
16. I (clean)______ my room once a week.
17. Nobody(tell)______ them anything.
18. There (be)______ a lot of chicken on the plate.
19. Mr. Li (teach)______ the second grade.
20. The boy (watch)______ TV every evening.
21. Mary (play)______the violin quite well.
22. David (study)______Chinese and I (study)______ English.
23. The game (be)______ interesting.
24. Many children (be)______ on the playground.
25. He (have)_______ a good time at your party.
26. I (have)______ a new bicycle.
四. 用所给词的适当形式填空：
1. Tom and his father ______(swim)now.
2. Look! They ______(run)along the street.
3. We ______(practice)hard these days because we will have a big match next month.
4. What ______he ______(do)at nine o’clock last night?
5. They ______(listen)to the music at that time.
6. When the headmaster came in, the students______(read)the text.
7. We ______(watch)TV when suddenly the telephone rang.
8. She ______(make)the paper flowers the whole night.
9. A: _______ you ______(studying)English?
B: Yes, I am.
10. Let’s go out. It ______(not rain)now.
11. Hurry up! Everybody ______(wait)for you.
12. A: ______(you / listen)to the radio?
B: No, You can turn it off.
13. I ______(watch)TV at seven o’clock yesterday evening.
14. A: What ______(you / look)for?
B: I ______(look)for my wallet. There is something important in it.
15. Look. It ______(rain)hard. We’ll get wet if we go out.
五. 选词填空：
(一)选词填空：
1. I ______(am, is, was, were)busy last week.
2. Tom and I ______(am, are, was, were)late for school yesterday.
3. I ______(walk, walks, walked, walking)to school the other day.
4. Rose ______(does not, didn’t, has been, has to)visit her uncle the month before last(month)
5. There ______(is, was, are, were)a lot of people in this village ten years ago.
6. Mother ______(am, is, was, were)ill in bed last night.
7. It ______(rain, rains, rained, raining)a lot last year.
(二)用括号中动词的适当形式填空：
1. My uncle in London ______(send)a birthday present to me yesterday.
2. When ______(be)you born?
3. As soon as he arrived in the country, he ______(phone)me.
4. When I ______(knock)at his door, he was cooking.
5. We were watching TV when the light ______(go)out.
6. He said he ______(not like)maths at all.
(三)用括当的词完成下列句子。
1. ______you make this cake last night? Yes. I did. I _______it for you.
2. Did Tom _______ home at five yesterday?
No, he _______. He came home at six.
3. What _______ you _______ at the store? I bought a camera.
4. Were you at home yesterday? Yes, I _______.
5. Where did you catch the fish? I _______ it in the river near my house.
六. 完成下列句子：
1. 你长大了想当什么?我打算当个电脑程序员。
What _____ you ______ ______ _______ when you ______ _______?
I’m ______ to _______ a _______ _______.
2. 你哥哥长大了打算当什么?他打算当个专业的篮球运动员。
What _____ your brother _____ _________ ______ when he ______ _______?
He’s _____ to ______ a _______ _________ player.
3. 你打算怎么做?我打算学计算机学。
_____ are you ______ ________ ________ that? I’m _____ _______ _______ computer _______.
4. 你哥哥打算怎么做?他打算每天练篮球。
_____ is your brother _____ _____ _____?
He’s _____ ______ _________ basketball every day.
5. 她打算下学期上一些表演课吗?是的。
______ she ______ _______ _________ some ______ lessons?
Yes, she ________.
【试题答案】
1. He likes swimming.
2. He can help you.
3. We don’t have a good time.
4. What do you do after school every day?
5. Sometimes I listen to music, sometimes I play outside.
6. The fish doesn’t smell good.
7. We should buy some chicken. There is little left.
8. There are many birds in the sky.
9. My mother’s glasses are broken.
10. A pair of shoes is nearly one thousand.
11. If he doesn’t feel well he will go to visit the History Museum.
12. What colour is her hair?
13. Does he do his homework?
14. A: Do you like your class?
B: Yes. I do.
15. He always does his shopping on Friday evening.
16. I am sorry I forgot your birthday. 二.
1. I often listen to the radio in the morning.
2. Nurses take good care of sick men in the hospital.
3. He never goes to the cinema during the weekdays.
4. Have you got a new computer?
5. Does he have a rest on weekends?
6. Li Ming and I often do good deeds.
7. How often do you visit the science museum?
8. Is there any food in the kitchen?
9. When and where does Tom do his homework every day?
10. There are a lot of vegetables but there aren’t many apples there.
Or: There are a lot of apples but there aren’t many vegetables there. 三. 1. are 2. goes 3. lives 4. Do, like 5. doesn’t like
6. goes 7. Does, speak 8. doesn’t ride
9. is, will go 10. get, will call 11. Does, have
12. doesn’t do 13. am, is 14. has
15. has 16. clean 17. tells 18. is
19. teaches 20. watches 21. plays 22. studies, study
23. is 24. are 25. has 26. have 四. 1. are swimming 2. are running 3. are practicing
4. was, doing 5. were listening 6. were reading
7. were watching 8. was making 9. Are, studying
10. isn’t raining 11. is waiting 12. Are you listening
13. was watching 14. are you looking, am looking
15. is raining 五.
(一)1. was 2. were 3. walked 4. did not
5. were 6. was 7. rained
(二)1. sent 2. were 3. phoned 4. knocked 5. went
6. didn’t like
(三)1. Did, made 2. come, didn’t 3. did, buy 4. was
5. caught 六.
1. are, going, to, be, grow, up, going, be, computer, programmer
2. is, going, to, be, grows, up, going, be, professional, basketball.
3. How, going, to, do, going, to, study, science
4. How, going, to, do, that, going, to, play
浙江高中英语语法范文第4篇
【关键词】构式语法 英语语法 教学启示
一、引言
语法教学在中学英语教学中起着举足轻重的作用，现行的中学英语语法教学方式单一，多以传统语法为基础，强调规约性，对描写性重视不够；强调语法形式，对意义关注不够，使得学生对语法学习的兴趣和热情不高。脱胎于认知语言学的构式语法（ construction grammars）从理论上揭示语言的本质、结构和功能， 对语言学习理论也产生了很大影响。构式语法强调通过对语言的使用形成以概括（generalization）为基础的语言习得机制，所倡导的语言习得理念可以为中学英语语法教学提供新的视角。本文以构式语法理论为基础，探索构式语法理论对中学英语语法教学的启示及其蕴含的教学理念。
二、构式语法简介
20世纪90年代，Adele E. Goldberg &Kay共同提出了构式语法（construction grammar）。构式语法，这一从认知语法中派生出来的新型语法理论日益受到学者们的亲睐。构式语法与生成语法所主张的原子组合观不同，构式语法认为语言是“规约语言单位的结构化清单，强调构式形式与功能的统一表征”。Goldberg认为“任何形式或意义的一些方面不能从其组成部分或其他先前已有的构式中完全推知的语言表达形式都看作是构式”。构式语法主张从句法、语义、语用、文化等角度来系统分析构式。
构式语法强调语言的实际学习和使用情况，在构式语法看来，语言能力就是使用自然语言构式的能力。构式语法认为语言是由形式各异的构式组成的，因此对语言的习得就可以归结为对构式的习得。首先习得范围狭窄的构式，通过反复的练习逐渐习得一些具体的语言结构，最后习得抽象复杂的构式。
三、构式语法对英语语法教学的启示
构式语法在英语语法教学上与生成语法所持的观点不同。传统的语法教学仅要求学生记住语法规则和结构，忽视理解语法本身的意义，以机械性操练为主，师生课堂互动机会少，学生只是死记硬背。此外，生成语法试图归纳出一套放之四海而皆准的规则来解释语言的本质及现象。然而，事实并非如此。例如：The more you practice， the easier it will get. 这句话的结构与一般句子不同，所以生成语法的规则可能无法解释这句话的本质。相反，构式语法在上述问题中可能会更有解释力。
构式语法认为，语言是由各种类型的构式组成的，所有构式都是形和义的配对体。构式语法将构式看作是语法的基本组成部分，认为语言中的词素、词汇、词法和句法是一个连续体。这一主张对英语语法教学有下列启示作用：
1.构式语法强调语法是由构式组成的，每个构式都有独特的意义。因此，教师在语法教学中要让学生明白每个基本构式的含义，而不是忽略含义不加考虑的背诵语法规则。根据这一思想，教师在日常教学中要将语法放在具体的生活情境中，这样可以生动的突显语法本身的意义，促进理解。
2.构式语法强调词汇和语法之间并非泾渭分明而是构成了一个意义的连续体。这一思想对英语语法教学的启示是：要将词汇和句法相结合。两种构式的自然衔接可以让学生更加流畅的习得语法、使用语言。学习语言的目的是用语言来表达想法。从这个角度看，割裂词汇构式和句法构式的连续关系是十分不妥的，这也就进一步表明了教学过程中要秉承词汇构式、句法构式并重的理念。
3.从具体构式到图式构式，再到具体构式的主张可以为日常的英语语法教学提供指导。例如，对高中英语“虚拟语气”的讲授，教师可以将其放在真实的情境中并采用归纳的方式。在真实的情境下展示一系列与“虚拟语气”有关的句子，通过观察句子特征，了解该语法要传递的意义，引导学生找出规律，总结出相关语法构式。这样的做法符合意义与形式统一理念。教师在今后的语法教学中也可以借鉴此种模式。例如，在讲授“过去进行时”时，可以从带领学生复习之前学过的构式现在进行时入手，通过转换时间状语向学生逐渐呈现含有过去进行时的句子，最后设置信息沟与学生在真实语境下交流互动，引导学生归纳出语法构式。这样的做法更加注重构式形式与意义的互动性与交流性。
4.之前提到的The more you practice， the easier it will get.这句话可以用构式语法来解释。该句子的构式为“The X-er， the Y-er”。这种构式可以被看作是一种图式性构式，教师在课堂上如果能将这一思想深入浅出地传递给学生，用这一理念向学生解释该句子，语法学习效率会提高。儿童在日常语言实例中不断进行抽象、概括，进而得到一系列的语言构式。从这个角度看，构式语法中蕴藏着一些以人为本的思想，笔者认为这与现今的“学生中心论”相契合。
四、结语
传统的教学语法过多地关注语法形式，忽略意义，不符合语言的教学与学习规律，给语言学习，特别是外语学习带来了一定的难度。构式语法以语言运用作为认知基础，把构式看成是形式与意义及功能的结合体，强调构式作为整体的构式义。构式语法强调以概括为基础的构式习得观，认为语法构式来源于学习者对其语言运用实例的抽象和概括，符合语言学习和外语学习的一般规律。
构式语法视阈下的语法教学内容包括形式和意义两部分，形式部分包括构式的语音特征、形态特征和句法特征：意义部分包括语义特征、语用特征和语篇功能特征，构式的形式和意义之间的对应关系由“象征对应连接链”连接。在语法教学过程中，教师应尽可能创建特定语境，尽可能展现语法构式形式和意义的各个层面。根据构式语法的理念，语法构式的教学应遵循从具体构式到一般构式、从原型构式到非原型构式、从简单构式到复杂构式的教学方法； 强调构式的形式与意义并重。
参考文献：
[1]Goldberg，A.E.et al.2005.“The role of prediction in construction-learning”.Journal of Child Language 32.
[2]Goldberg，A.E.2006.Constructions at Work.Oxford：Oxford University Press.
[3]Goldberg，A.E.2006.Constructions at Work：The nature of generalization in language[M].Oxford：Oxford University Press.
[4]Goldberg，A.E.2009a.The nature of generalization in language[J].Cognitive Linguistics（20）：93-127.
[5]Goldberg，A.E.2009b.Constructions work[J].Cognitive Linguistics（20）：201-24.
[6]Ellis，N.C.2006.Cognitive perspectives on SLA[J].AILA Review（19）：100-21.
[7]Ellis，N.C.&T.Cadierno.2009.Constructing a second language[J].Annual Review of Cognitive Linguistics（7）：111-39.
[8]李小华，王立非.第二语言习得的构式语法视角：构式理论与启示[J].外语学刊，2010（2）：107-111.
浙江高中英语语法范文第5篇
1.Writing is aslow process, requiring ____ thought, time and effort.
A) significant
B) considerable
C) great
D) numerous
2. Thank you forapplying for a position with our firm. We do not have any openings at thistime, but we shall keep your application on ____ for two months.
A) pile
B) portion
C) sequence
D) file
3. Only a selectednumber of landladies in the neighbourhood have been allowed by the universityto take in _____.
A) residents
B) inhabitants
C) lodgers
D) settlers
4 .During theconference the speaker tried to _____to them his feelings concerning theurgency of a favorable decision.
A) comply
B) impose
C) imply
D) convey
5. He ____ hiscontrol by making his students quiet.
A) assessed
B) asserted
C) acquired
D) monitored
6. If you want toget into that tunnel, you first have to ____ away all the rocks.
A) repel
B) pull
C) transfer
D) dispose
7.Do you believethese two ____ friends used to be bitter enemies
A) intimate
B) emotional
C) intense
D) supreme
8. Although mostdreams apparently happen______, dream activity may be provoked by externalinfluences.
A)spontaneously
B) simultaneously
C) homogeneously
D)instantaneously
9. According tothe instructions we received, we cannot accept photocopies(复
印件), but need the ___
A) source
B) resources
C) origin
D) original
10. _____ thepopular belief that classical music is too complex, it achieves a simplicitythat only a genius can create.
A) Subject to
B) Contrary to
C) Familiar to
D) Similar to
参考答案：
浙江高中英语语法范文第6篇
【摘要】歌谣是一门艺术，她具有语言的表达力和艺术的感染力.英语歌谣简单易懂、轻快直观，迎合小学生的心理特点。将英语歌谣引入小班化教学是学生英语学习的重要桥梁，是教师课堂教学的重要手段之一，是提高课堂效率的一项重要改革举措。 【关键词】英语歌谣 小班化 高效课堂
随着农村小学学生人数的减少，一些还未进行教育资源整合的学校，开展小班化教学已成为必然。从课堂教学的角度来看，小班化英语教学的空间大为增加，师生间、学生间的交流和互动的频率与密度随之增大，教师利用扩大了的空间与充满人性的教育环境，使每一个学生都有了充分展示自我的时间与空间，并通过加强指导与交往，提高了对学生的学习乃至人格的影响，从而大大增强了每个学生接受教育资源的程度。本人在尝试小班化教学的同时，将更多的歌谣引入英语课堂教学，有效地提高了课堂教学效果，促进了学生英语整体水平的提高。
一、英语歌谣在小班化教学中的意义
1、歌谣有助于激发儿童学习英语的热情
兴趣是最好的老师。英语歌谣节奏明快，语言简洁，学生唱起来琅琅上口。如果学生在唱歌谣时再加上简单的动作，他们就会又唱又跳，觉得学英语是一件很快乐的事，从而对英语产生浓厚的兴趣，学英语的热情也就会大大提高。歌谣通常是一些幽默故事，可为学生带来无限的快乐。在课堂上让学生唱歌谣，我发现学生显的非常开心，有的跟音乐节奏摆动身体，有的跟着节奏拍手，不难发现他们很喜欢唱歌谣。在充满童趣的歌谣学习中，有效的提高了课堂的效率。
2、歌谣有助于创设轻松愉快的课堂氛围，消除学习疲劳 良好的课堂气氛是传递知识的无声媒介，能使学生的智力活动处
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于最佳状态。上课铃一响，让学生唱一首歌谣，可调动学生的学习情绪，激起学生学习兴趣，创造了轻松、愉快的课堂气氛。进入课堂中段，经过较长时间的知识输入，学生或多或少地产生疲态。歌谣富有节奏感、生动有趣，这时插入歌谣一方面可帮助消除学生的疲劳，另一方面学生可在唱唱、跳跳这种无意识的状态下记忆知识，运用英语，保持了课堂教学气氛的轻松愉快。在课堂结束阶段，歌谣更可把课堂教学推向高潮，如在“牛津小学英语6AUnit5”开始和结束时让学生学唱歌谣“Old Macdonald”，这首歌谣节奏感强，歌词中含有动物叫声的拟声词，模拟人类叫声的字母组合“E-I-E-I-O”，简单而易懂，学生很喜爱唱，给课堂营造了欢乐的气氛把教学推向高潮，留给学生意犹未尽的感受。因而，歌谣在课堂起到轻松愉快的作用。
3、歌谣有助于增强学生的自信心，减轻学生的心理负担 在牛津小学英语5A、5B、6A、6B课文中，部分内容显得容量大，句子长。要读长长的句子对学生来说，具有一定的困难，很容易令他们对英语失去兴趣，造成心理上的压力。但如果英语老师把长句子编成歌让学生唱，他们跟随悠扬的节奏，反复唱诵，长句子就很容易的被记住。如:6A第一单元,在课前,我让学生先通过录音机学唱《The signs in the park.》课上我用多媒体动画让他们理解歌词大意,再让学生大声地跟老师或同学唱，用歌声消除他们心中那份害羞和自卑感，从而使孩子们变得大胆而自信,降低学习课文的难度。
4、歌谣有助于让学生得到美的熏陶
音乐教育是对青少年进行美育、塑造灵魂的最重要的手段之一。歌谣优美的旋律，富有节理的歌词常常令学生受到美的熏陶，思想上受到教育。通过对歌曲的唱诵，学生可从中感受到旋律的美，思想上的教育，形象思维的启发。
二、英语歌谣在小班化教学中的实践意义 1.强化新知识记忆
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单一的知识传授令课堂显得繁琐，学生头脑发胀，记忆力减退。将歌谣引入小班化教学中，在课堂上引用歌谣让学生玩一玩，唱一唱，调动起学生的学习情绪，触发学生的情绪记忆，这对加强新知识的记忆有较大的帮助。实践证明利用歌曲可促进学生产生对知识的渴望，在课堂上可以帮助强化新知识的记忆，这是行之有效的教学方法。通过唱歌，可以帮助学生操练课文句子，强化新知识的记忆，有助于增强学生进行人际交往的信心。
2.传授语音、语法与词汇
在教学中总有一些令学生困扰的概念，句型，语音，单凭讲又难以理解。将歌谣引入小班化教学中，就为此提供了一种解决的方法，就是让学生唱，玩，从中得出区分的方法。如在This is the way.这一歌谣中，着重训练了这个音素“mop”，“pots”，“wash”均含有[ɔ]音，而且这些单词反复吟唱，记忆深刻，效果良好，中间又与“floor”，“morning”含[ɔ：]音素，“early”所含的[ə:]音素以及“so”含的[əu]音素相对比，辨音清晰，事半功倍。
3、激发学生学习兴趣
要学要记的英语单词、语句融于歌曲中，生动、活泼，琅琅上口，给学生以全新的视听享受，这在客观上调动了学生的积极性。如我在教 “How are you?”这首歌曲时：用握手表示慰问“Hello! Hello! How are you?”(你好吗?);竖起两只大拇指并点头表示“I’m fine.”(我很好);用拱手致意表示“Thank you, thank you very much.”(非常感谢。)学生看了之后很快就明白了其中的意思，于是课堂上到处都充满了用这首歌“互相致意问候”的快乐童音，课堂气氛异常活跃，学生们无拘无束地在学中玩，在玩中学着。他们的情感得到了轻松的体验，从而也对英语产生了浓厚的兴趣，有了兴趣，就有了信心，英语学习也就突飞猛进。
4、了解中英文化知识背景的差异
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学习英语必须联系中英的文化差异。在中国有新年、清明等传统节日。英国也有中国所没有的节日，如圣诞节、复活节等。学习其语言就应学习其文化，可单是讲，内容多，沉闷，没兴趣，这时如果选一些圣诞歌谣让学生听一听，唱一唱，创设一种英国文化气息，在向学生介绍圣诞节的知识，收到的效果就有效得多。如在6A At Christmas这一课时教学中，我在课室里播放“We wish a Merry Christmas!”，渲染圣诞的节日气氛，我还装扮成圣诞老人，找一些有圣诞特色的物品装饰教室，用以引起学生的兴趣，让学生对这些物品的由来自由提问，通过这一环节，几乎每个学生都积极参与了活动。然后播放“Here Comes Santa Claus”、“Silent Night”转到圣诞老人、圣诞夜、时间、食物、聚会、圣诞树等知识介绍，拓展学生的知识面。在这一课堂中歌谣始终贯穿其中，用以保持学生的浓厚的好奇心与求知欲。通过歌谣，学生可以了解到英国文化中的一部分，并从中感受到这一文化的魅力。
三.英语歌谣在小班化教学中的具体运用
1、复习旧知识
艾宾浩斯的遗忘曲线也表明，机械程度高的学习材料习得后的遗忘呈先快后慢的规律，习得后两天内的遗忘多达70%，以后的遗忘速度明显减慢。据此，应在大量遗忘之前及时安排复习，如果我们利用歌谣来复习学过的知识，这样，既可分散进行，也不会给学生造成负担。
2、导入新课内容
唱英语歌谣能巧妙自然地引出新授课内容。把需要学生掌握的单词、句子填入学生熟悉的曲调中，学生既感到熟悉，又有些新鲜，在轻轻松松中掌握了新知识。例如在教数字 One , two, three„„ ten时，我利用一首英文数字歌“Numbers”来教授。一放歌曲，那轻松而又愉快的节奏深深地吸引了学生。同时设计一些手势来表示不同的
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数字并与他们一起唱。这样，在不知不觉中，学生已经初步掌握了one，two，three„„ten等数字。在这基础上，他们再学数字one——ten就容易多了。
3、调整注意
小学生具有好奇、好动、注意力不能长时间集中的特点。采用听、唱英语歌谣的教学手段，将语言与音乐情境结合，创造生动、活泼的课堂学习氛围。儿童随着歌曲的旋律，耳中听、口中唱、脑中想，各种感官协调并用，既能放松肢体，又舒缓脑力，从而精神振奋、兴趣盎然，注意力重新集中起来。
4、巩固知识
利用儿歌来刺激孩子们的大脑神经兴奋点，对巩固记忆有一定的效果。如我在教学生写字母时编这样的儿歌：四线三格，大写字母上两格、可顶格;小写字母认准格、撑满格。
实践证明，将英语歌谣引入小班化教学中，能调动学生的多种感官，对帮助学生记忆单词，完成教学起到了促进的作用，让他们在乐中学，学中乐，是一种成功的行之有效的提高教学效率的教学方法，而由此获得的知识和情感，必将给孩子们未来的英语学习奠定扎实的基础。愿英语歌谣在英语课堂教学中更加美丽地绽放。 【参考文献】1《英语教育法》
2《小学英语课程标准解读》 3《小班化教育理念与实践》