如梦令英译文赏析

2022-07-28

第一篇:如梦令英译文赏析

如梦令原文翻译及赏析

《如梦令·昨夜雨疏风骤》作者为宋朝诗人、文学家李清照。其古诗全文如下:昨夜雨疏风骤,浓睡不消残酒。

试问卷帘人,却道海棠依旧。

知否,知否?应是绿肥红瘦。

【前言】

《如梦令·昨夜雨疏风骤》是宋代女词人李清照的早期词作。其主要内容为:春夜里大自然经历了一场风吹雨打,词人预感到庭园中的花木必然是绿叶繁茂,花事凋零了。因此,翌日清晨她急切地向“卷帘人”询问室外的变化,“卷帘人”却敷衍女主人公,答之以“海棠依旧”。对此,词人禁不住连用两个“知否”与一个“应是”来纠正其观察的粗疏与回答的错误。“绿肥红瘦”一句,形象地反映出作者对春天将逝的惋惜之情。全词充分体现出作者对大自然、对春天的热爱,篇幅虽短,但含蓄蕴藉,意味深长,对人物的心理刻画栩栩如生,以对话推动词意发展,跌宕起伏,显示出作者深厚的艺术功力。

【注释】

⑴如梦令,又名“忆仙姿”“宴桃源”。五代时后唐庄宗(李存勗)创作。《清真集》入“中吕调”。三十三字,五仄韵,一叠韵。

⑵雨疏风骤:雨点稀疏,晚风急猛。疏:指稀疏。

⑶浓睡不消残酒:虽然睡了一夜,仍有余醉未消。浓睡:酣睡 残酒:尚未消散的醉意。

⑷卷帘人:有学者认为此指侍女。

⑸绿肥红瘦:绿叶繁茂,红花凋零。

【翻译】

昨夜雨虽然下得稀疏,风却刮得急猛,沉沉的酣睡却不能把残存的酒力全部消尽。问那正在卷帘的侍女:庭园里海棠花现在怎么样了?她说海棠花依然和之前一样。你可知道,你可知道,这个时节应该是绿叶繁茂,红花凋零了。

【赏析】

李清照虽然不是一位高产的作家,其词流传至今的只不过四五十首,但却“无一首不工”,“为词家一大宗矣”。这首《如梦令》,便是“天下称之”的不朽名篇。这首小令,有人物,有场景,还有对白,充分显示了宋词的语言表现力和词人的才华。小词借宿酒醒后询问花事的描写,曲折委婉地表达了词人的惜花伤春之情,语言清新,词意隽永。

起首两句,辞面上虽然只写了昨夜饮酒过量,翌日晨起宿酲尚未尽消,但在这个辞面的背后还潜藏着另一层意思,那就是昨夜酒醉是因为惜花。这位女词人不忍看到明朝海棠花谢,所以昨夜在海棠花下才饮了过量的酒,直到今朝尚有余醉。

三、四两句所写,是惜花心理的必然反映。尽管饮酒致醉一夜浓睡,但清晓酒醒后所关心的第一件事仍是园中海棠。词人情知海棠不堪一夜骤风疏雨的揉损,窗外定是残红狼藉,落花满眼,却又不忍亲见,于是试着向正在卷帘的侍女问个究竟。一个“试”字,将词人关心花事却又害怕听到花落的消息、不忍亲见落花却又想知道究竟的矛盾心理,表达得贴切入微,曲折有致。“试问”的结果——“却道海棠依旧。”侍女的回答却让词人感到非常意外。本来以为经过一夜风雨,海棠花一定凋谢得不成样子了,可是侍女卷起窗帘,看了看外面之后,却漫不经心地答道:海棠花还是那样。一个“却”字,既表明侍女对女主人委曲的心事毫无觉察,对窗外发生的变化无动于衷,也表明词人听到答话后感到疑惑不解。她想:“雨疏风骤”之后,“海棠”怎会“依旧”呢?这就非常自然地带出了结尾两句。

“知否?知否?应是绿肥红瘦。”这既是对侍女的反诘,也像是自言自语:这个粗心的丫头,你知道不知道,园中的海棠应该是绿叶繁茂、红花稀少才是。这句对白写出了诗画所不能道,写出了伤春易春的闺中人复杂的神情口吻,可谓“传神之笔。“应是”,表明词人对窗外景象的推测与判断,口吻极当。因为她毕竟尚未亲眼目睹,所以说话时要留有余地。同时,这一词语中也暗含着“必然是”和“不得不是”之意。海棠虽好,风雨无情,它是不可能长开不谢的。一语之中,含有不尽的无可奈何的惜花情在,可谓语浅意深。而这一层惜花的殷殷情意,自然是“卷帘人”所不能体察也无须更多理会的,她毕竟不能像她的女主人那样感情细腻,那样对自然和人生有着更深的感悟。这也许是她所以作出上面的回答的原因。末了的“绿肥红瘦”一语,更是全词的精绝之笔,历来为世人所称道。“绿”代替叶,“红”代替花,是两种颜色的对比;“肥”形容雨后的叶子因水份充足而茂盛肥大,“瘦”形容雨后的花朵因不堪雨打而凋谢稀少,是两种状态的对比。本来平平常常的四个字,经词人的搭配组合,竟显得如此色彩鲜明、形象生动,这实在是语言运用上的一个创造。由这四个字生发联想,那“红瘦”正是表明春天的渐渐消逝,而“绿肥”正是象征着绿叶成荫的盛夏的即将来临。这种极富概括性的语言,又实在令人叹为观止。

这首小词,只有短短六句三十三言,却写得曲折委婉,极有层次。词人因惜花而痛饮,因情知花谢却又抱一丝侥幸心理而“试问”,因不相信“卷帘人”的回答而再次反问,如此层层转折,步步深入,将惜花之情表达得摇曳多姿。

第二篇:美丽广西英译文

美丽神奇的广西

广西是一个美丽神奇的地方。

在这片美丽神奇的土地上,到处是山环水抱、山水相映的秀美画卷。广西的山奇秀多姿,或峰峦如林、挺拔独秀。或群山连绵、雄伟壮丽;广西的水清澈透底,或山河如带、蜿蜓山间,或飞瀑遍布、流溅壮观;广西的洞幽深瑰丽,或如禽似兽、栩栩如生,或如花似玉、巧夺天工;广西的海波和浪软,海天相连,风帆点点,沙滩或白洁如银,或黄灿如金„„

广西有12个世居民族和其它25个少数民族。繁衍生息在这片土地上的各族人民,以自己独特的文化形态,孕育了一片歌的海洋。在少数民族聚居的地方,绚丽的服饰、悦耳的歌声,多姿的舞蹈、奇特的风俗,构成了一幅幅缤彩纷呈的民族风情画卷。

广西历史悠久,文物荟萃:有堪称世界古代岩画之精品的花山岩壁画;有“诚足与长城南北相呼应,同为世界之奇观”的古运河灵渠;有城高门深、气势森严的靖江王城,有中国最大的潘王陵群——靖江王陵;有丰富的“游山如读史”的摩岩石刻。

广西的现代化建设正在飞速发展。然而,飞速发展的广西依然散发着其独特的美丽与神奇。

Guangxi—A Beautiful Land of Wonders

Guangxi is a beautiful land of wonders. This fascinating land presents a landscape tapestry of amazing beauty with its mountains fantastically exquisite and peaks grotesque in shape; water crystal-clear, waterfalls spectacularly roaring down and rivers winding their way between the mountains; karstic caves in various lifelike formations; sea waves running gently and beach shining gold and silvery. Guangxi is a multinational land which is inhabited by 37 different ethnic groups, each developing its own distinct culture, nurturing a veritable “sea of songs”. Splendid costumes, sweet melodies, diverse dances and unique customs in the ethnic minority communities complete a scroll painting unfolding rich folklore flavors before us.

With a long-standing history, Guangxi abounds in cultural relics and historic sites. Among the highlights are the Huashan Cliff Paintings, reputed as a world masterpiece of this kind; the ancient Lingqu Canal, equally matched in fame with the Great Wall as one of the world wonders; the City of Prince Jingjiang, strongly fortified with high walls and grand gates; the Mausoleums of the Princes Jingjiang, the largest princely tomb group in China ; and inscriptions on precipice, to tour which is said to be as rewarding as reading a history book.

With its unique charms, Guangxi still appeals strongly to the world while developing in full swing.

P5 “几程漓江水,万点桂山尖”。若没有亲历漓江,便无法真正理解这两句诗的涵意。

1 从桂林至阳朔,约83公里的水程,实在是一条天然画廊。画廊所展示的画图,没有作者印章,没有日月年鉴,没有昂贵的标价,千帧万幅,一篇篇打开,又一篇篇收好,每一幅都是灵动授意,每一帧都是神来之笔。它们是在大地上突兀显现的神迹。

“The Lijiang River, zigzagging to the mist, unfolds thousands of peaks at the twist.” Without touring the Lijiang River by yourself, you could never fully appreciate this poem’s real meaning. Between Guilin and Yangshuo flows the Lijiang River, an 83-kilometer-long natural picture gallery. The paintings hung in this gallery bear no artist’s signature stamp, no date, no high price tags. Thousands of paintings unfold before you one by one, and then fold back again. Since every piece comes out of a great idea and turns out to be a work of inspiration, it is God’s blessings on the earth.

P9 刘三姐是中国壮族民间传说中一个美丽、智慧、正义的歌仙,围绕她有许多优美动人、富于传奇色彩的故事。广西人真气派! 他们截两公里的漓江水域为舞台,取12座漓江山峰和广袤天穹为布景,以河湾小岛为天然的观众席,营造了世界上最大的实景剧场。以《刘三姐》经典传说为素材的大型歌舞剧《印象·刘三姐》,在漓江演绎了一段空前的视听传奇。

Liu Sanjie or Third Sister Liu was a legendary singer of the Zhuang people, who was beautiful, wise and upright and the heroine of a great many lovely stories. Guangxi people’s ingenuity is amzing! They set up a stage with two-kilometer stretch of the Lijiang River, taking twelve hills along the river and the vast sky as its setting and river bends and islets as a natural auditorium , thus creating the world’s largest theater in the open. The theatrical spectacle, Impressions—Third Sister Liu, with materials from classical legend, offers the audience an unprecedented audio-visual enjoyment. P11 龙脊梯田方圆20平方公里,海拔最高1100米,最低300米。这种高山深谷大落差,使得龙脊梯田周边形成了高山云雾、河谷急流的壮丽景观。梯田大者不过一亩,小者仅能播上两三行禾苗,入链似带,从山脚一直盘绕到山顶,盘旋到云海之中„„

龙脊四季景致各有千秋。青翠点染的春天、黛绿浓抹的夏天和金黄凝重的秋天在这里分别以三幅彩色版画呈现出来,龙脊的冬天,则是一幅色调分明的黑白版画。

The terraced fields of Longji cover an area of 20 square kilometers. The highest terrace is at 1,100 meters and the lowest is at 300 meters above sea level. The great differential in height creates

2 wonderful scenery around the Longji terraces, with high cloud-capped hills and surging torrents in the valleys. The larger plots cover less than one mu (1/15 hectare), and the small ones have room only for three rows of grain seedlings. Like chains or belts, they form ringlets around the mountains, running up from one level to another. Longji’s scenery changes with the four seasons but it is always like a beautiful painting, each with its own color—light green in spring, dark green in summer, golden in autumn and monochrome in winter. P13 广西处处是桂林

Places as beautiful as Guilin can be found everywhere in Guangxi. P15 广西独特的地质、环境和气候条件,造就了分布极为广阔的喀斯特地貌带。广西全境蕴藏着星罗棋布的喀斯特溶洞。

走进一处又一处地下仙境:七星岩、芦笛岩、伊岭岩、都乐岩、冠岩、丰鱼岩、水仙岩、勾漏洞„„这些溶洞各有特点:或深长莫测,或曲折迷离,或与潜河相连,洞内奇诡万端的峰石形态,更是笔墨难以形容。

Guangxi’s special geology, environment and climate brought into being its karst topography, which is widely distributed across the region. Along with the karst landforms are karstic caves scattered across Guangxi. Let’s unveil the underground paradises one after another: Seven Star Cave, Reed Flute Cave, Yiling Cave, Dule Cave, Hat Cave, Fengyu Cave, Daffodil Cave, Goulou Cave, etc. Some are measurelessly deep and long, some are winding like a maze, and some link into the underground rivers, all bearing their own uniqueness. As for the rock shapes in the caves, they are too fantastic for words. P17 壮族是中国少数民族中人口最多的民族,现有人口约1700多万。

壮族是一个喜欢唱歌的民族。农历三月初三壮乡大地,无论是城市的街道绿地,还是村寨的山边田头,处处歌声荡漾。在这里,能够充分领略壮族深厚的文化和浓郁的风情。

壮族不仅能歌,而且善画、善舞、善绣。

左江崖壁画是著名的古代文化遗产之一。崖壁画群分布在左江流域约200公里长的山崖上。至今已发现崖壁画280多组,以宁明县花山崖壁画最为壮观,崖

3 壁画的图像主要是人物,也有一些似狗、似马、似飞禽之类的动物,还有像铜鼓、铜锣之类的圆圈。崖壁画所反映的内容或象征意义,与壮族先民的宗教、生产、战争有关,图像之大,作画地点之险要世所罕见。

美丽的壮锦和传情的绣球都是壮族特有的文化标志。

壮锦,是以棉纱和丝绒织成的花纹斑斓的织品,是中国四大名锦之一。

The Zhuang, with a population of over 17 million, form the largest ethnic group in China. The Zhuang are song-loving people.On the third day of the third lunar month every year, songs permeate through every part of the Zhuang communities—in cities, grasslands, mountains and fields. It is a great opportunity to enjoy their profound culture and unique customs. Besides singing, the Zhuang are also adept at painting, dancing and embroidery. The Zuojiang River Cliff Painting groups are a famous ancient cultural relic. They are spread on cliffs, stretching as long as 200 kilometers along the Zuojiang River. So far 280 groups of paintings have been discovered, the Huashan Cliff Paintings in Ningming County being the most splendid. The images are mainly human figures, plus animals in the shape of dogs, horses or birds, and drum-shaped and gong-like circles. The cliff paintings embody the religion, livelihood and wars of the ancient Zhuang people. Painting such big images on such verticle precipices is rare in the world. The beautiful brocade and the silk ball used to convey emotions are cultural symbols unique to the Zhuang. Zhuang brocade is a kind of colorful textile, woven with cotton yarn and floss. It is one of the four famous brocades of China. P21 兴安灵渠始建于公元前220年,是世界上最古老的运河之一。灵渠全场34公里,把长江与珠江两条水系连接在一起,促进了广西与中原经济和文化的交流。中国著名历史学家郭沫若对此曾这样评价:“2000余年前已如此,诚足与长城南北相呼应,同为世界之奇观。”

The Lingqu Canal in Xing’an, constructed around 220 BC, is one of the oldest canals in the world. The 34-kilometer-long waterway linking the two major water systems of the Yangtze and Pearl rivers has helped promote economic and cultural exchanges between Guangxi and the Central Plains. Guo Moruo, a renowned Chinese historian of the 20th century, commented that the canal “played such a great role 2,000 years ago that it could rank alongside the Great Wall in northern China as a wonder of the world.”

P23 左江斜塔又名归龙、水宝塔。塔身倾斜度为4°24’64”,倾斜方向为西南偏西52°16’30”,据专家考证是工匠在建造时考虑到江心风力和地基等因素精心设计而成。宝塔依山顺势,造型和谐,自建成至今历时300多年,屡遭洪水冲刷,风吹雨打,依然屹立不倒。

4 The Leaning Tower of Zuojiang is also called Guilong (Subduing the Dragon) and Shuibao (Water Treasure). The tower slants 4°24’64”and leans 52°16’30”toward the southwest. The angle, accoring to experts, was carefully designed by the builders taking into consideration the wind from the river and the rock foundation. The tower has endured more than 300 years of floods, rain and wind, and still stands solid and sturdy today.

P25 真武阁建于1573年,该阁通体都是杠杆式纯木结构,用近3000条铁黎木做构件,以杠杆结构原理,串联吻合,彼此扶持,相互制约,合理协调地组成了通高13.2米、宽13.8米、进深11.2米的歇山顶三重檐阁楼体,堪称建筑结构的一绝。

The Zhenwu Pavilion was built in 1573. This wooden structure is constructed on the basis of lever principle and employs 3,000 pieces of Ceylon Ironwood timber for interconnected bracing. With a saddle roof and three layers of eaves, the 13.2-meter-high and 13.8-meter-wide pavilion is indeed a masterpiece of architectural engineering. P26 桂林拥有自隋朝至民国的摩崖石刻近3000件,提名、题记、诗词、歌赋、铭文等不一而足。这些石刻以灵活多样的社会文化为主体,浓缩了上千年的历史,再现了当时的社会风貌,弥补了史书记载的不足,具有重要的历史、科学和艺术价值。

靖江王府是中国明代靖江藩王的府第,建于1393年,是广西人文景观的精华。它的城门、城墙、城垣,还有城内沿中轴线展开的承运门、承运殿,以及主体建筑之外的楼堂厅馆、亭阁轩室,一起组成了一个微缩的紫禁王城。

Guilin has, on the precipices, nearly 3,000 pieces of engraved autographs, remarks, poems and inscriptions left behind from the Sui Dynasty. These historical relics record society and life in ancient China, filling in many gaps in the history books. They are of great historical, scientific and artistic value. Built in 1393, the Mansion of Prince Jingjiang once was a stately residential complex of Prince Jingjiang of the Ming Dynasty and now is an outstanding example of Guangxi’s cultural relics. Its entrance and walls, and the Chengyun Gate and the Chengyun Hall along the central axis, together with its auxiliary buildings, form a miniature “Forbidden City”.

5 P29 在广西没我们还到了滨海城市北海、钦州和防城港。

提起北海,总会叫人联想到晶莹的珍珠、美丽的海滩、风情浓郁的渔村,还有传说中的美人鱼„„

这个海滨城市虽然偏居于桂东南海岸、北部湾东北角,但她的名气却相当不凡:早在2000多年前,北海就已成为中国最早的贸易港口,是古代海上丝绸之路的始发港之一;她拥有号称“中国第一滩”的优美银滩,是难得的海滨度假胜地„„

In Guangxi, we also visited some coastal cities including Beihai, Qinzhou and Fangchenggang. When Beihai is mentioned, people always associated it with lustrous pearls, beautiful beaches, traditional fishing villages, and mermaids in legends…. This coastal city lies on the southeast shore of Guangxi, at the northeast corner of the Beibu Gulf. Though in remote area, it is quite famous: as early as 2,000 years ago, Beihai was one of China’s earliest trading ports, and was a starting point for the Silk Road on the sea; it has a beautiful silver beach praised as “China’s best beach,” and is a great seaside resort. P29 涠洲岛距北海36海里,面积25平方公里,是中国最大最年轻的火山岛,素有“大蓬莱”仙岛之称。

海水碧蓝见底,海底活珊瑚、海产种类繁多,瑰丽神奇;岛上植被丰富,四季瓜果飘香,是海上垂钓、浴海拾贝、潜水探奇的好去处。

Weizhou Island, 36 sea miles from Beihai, is called “Great Penglai,” a legendary fairy island in the East China Sea. With an area of 25 square kilometers, it is China’s largest and youngest volcanic island. The sea is so limpid that corals and other sea creatures are clearly visible. Thick vegetation covers the island and blossoming flowers and fruits give off sweet aroma all the year round. It is also an ideal place for angling, swimming, diving and collecting shells on the beach. P31 在广西,可与北海银滩媲美的是防城港的金滩。

6 有个散文家这样描写这片诱人的海滩:“那里,天高、海阔、浪白、沙黄,渔帆逐汛,海鸥翔空,十里沙岸,十里长堤,十里林带,十里风情。远望,横亘东西的海岛就像置于绿绒之上的古筝,万里涛声便是她永不停息的琴歌!”

In Guangxi, only Fangcheng’s Gold Beach is comparable with the Silver Beach of Beihai. This alluring beach has been thus described, “the beach is where you can enjoy the marvelous scenes of high sky, vast sea, white waves and golden sand. Fishing boats break the waves, seagulls soar in the sky. Beautiful views unfold along miles of sand, miles of causeway and miles of woods. In the distance, an island stretches east to west, like a long zither across green velvet, the seawaves around playing eternal music for it. ”

P32 在钦州三娘湾旅游景区的东侧海域,常年生活着一群颜色各异、大小不一的海豚。白海豚属鲸豚类,是世界范围内最为濒危的一类海洋哺乳动物,也是中国海洋鲸豚中唯一的国家一级保护动物,人们称之为“海上大熊猫”。又因白海豚对海洋水质环境十分敏感,被环保学家视为衡量海洋生态环境的活指标。

In the eastern sea of the Qinzhou Sanniang Bay Scenic Area live schools of dolphins of various colors and sizes. The Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin belongs to the cetacean family and is a severely endangered aquatic mammal. It is the only one of China’s cetaceans under first-class state protection. People refer to it as “the panda of the sea.” As the Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin is very sensitive to sea water quality, environmentalists regard it as a living benchmark of marine ecology. P33 2003年10月8日,中国总理温家宝在第七次中国与东盟(10+1)领导人会议上建议,从2004年起,每年在中国广西南宁举办中国—东盟博览会,作为推动自由贸易区建设的一项实际行动。这一建议得到各国领导人的普遍欢迎,并写入会后发表的主席声明。

中国—东盟博览会紧紧围绕《中国与东盟全面经济合作框架协议》以及自由贸易区建设实际进程,以双向互利为基本原则,以自由贸易区内的经贸合作为重点,面向全球商界开放,是一个综合性、国际性的博览会。

At the Seventh China-ASEAN Summit on October 8, 2003, Premier Wen Jiabao proposed that the China-ASEAN Exposition be held annually in Nanning as an act to promote the development of the Free Trade Area. This proposal was widely accepted by the ASEAN leaders and was written in the Chairman’s Statement which was published after the Summit. Centering on the Framework Agreement on Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Between China and ASEAN and the development process of the Free Trade Area, the China-ASEAN Expo,

7 as a comprehensive international exposition, opens to the global business circle, with focus on the economic and trade cooperation in the Free Trade Area and on the basis of mutual benefits. P35 中国—东盟博览会举办地南宁,是中国广西壮族自治区首府,是中国东部和西部、中国与东盟经济圈的交汇点。南宁气候温和,阳光充足,瓜果飘香,四季常绿。青山、秀水、绿树、鲜花与林立的高楼、繁华的街景交相辉映,构成了极富亚热带特色的园林风貌,被中外游人誉为“绿城”,2007年荣获联合国人居奖。

Nanning, capital city of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, is the permanent venue for the China-ASEAN Expo. It is the junction between eastern and western China, and between China and the ASEAN Economic Circle. Nanning has a mild climate with plenty of sunshine; the fragrance of fruits fills the air, and there is greenery all the year round. All these combine with modern high-rises and bustling street scenes to form a sub-tropical city garden, praised by Chinese and overseas visitors alike as a “green city”. In 2007, Nanning won the UN-Habitat Scroll of Honor Award. P37 金秋时节是南宁最美的季节,一年一度的南宁民歌艺术节就在此时举行。金秋的南宁,阳光和煦,绿草成茵,山歌如潮,鲜花成带,成了一片欢乐的海洋。

南宁已敞开美丽家园的大门,迎接五洲四海的客人!

Nanning enchants people the most in the golden autumn, which is when an annual Nanning International Folk Song Arts Festival is held. During the festival warm sunshine, green grass, blooming flowers and folk songs are filling Nanning city with exultation and joy. Nanning is widely open to welcome all friends of the world!

Front Cover: The Lijiang River in Golden Sunshine Inside Front Cover: Net-Pulling Melody P3-4: ?

P5-6: The Lijiang River Winding around Conical Peaks

Nine-Horse Mural Hill

Elephant Trunk Hill in Moonlight Camel Hill P7-8: River of Dreams—the Lijiang River

8 Picturesque Scenes of Mountains and Rivers Rafting in the Lijiang River Fishing Girls on the Lijiang River P9-10: Originating From Fairy Land

Homecoming Fisherman Laden with the Catch Impressions—Third Sister Liu P11-12: Longji Terraced Fields in Four Seasons Village Life in Longji Terraced-Field Dwellers P13-14: Detian Waterfall Towering Pines in Mount Shengtang Blooming Flowers Floating Melody Graceful Scenery at the Longtan Pool P15-16: Karst Physiognomy Fantastic Caves and Exquisite Rocks P17-18: The Zhuang People Silk Balls Zhuang Brocade Zhuang Embroidery Maguhu, a String Musical Instrument Made of Horse Bone Tianqin, a String Musical Instrument of the Zhuang People Huashan Cliff Paintings P19-20: Colorful Ethnic Groups P19 Minority People in Flamboyant Costumes (2 Pages) Girl of the Daban Yao Happy Childhood Official- Carrying, a Unique Dong Performance P20 Blowing the Long Horns P21-22: Colorful Ethnic Groups P21 The White-Clad Yao People Playing Tunes on a Leaf Happy Life Nuo Opera of the Maonan People Village Life of the Red-Clad Yao People P22 Lusheng of the Dong, a Musical Instrument Made of Bamboo Tubes

Long-Tabled Potluck Dinner P23-24: The Lingqu Canal Mulong Tower Leaning Tower Flower Bridge West Street

Ancient South Entrance P25-26: P25 Friendship Pass

9 Zhenwu Pavilion Inscriptions on the Precipices P26 Mansion of Prince Jingjiang P27-28: A Galaxy of Cultural Relics Wind and Rain Bridge of the Dong

Drum Tower of the Dong Bronze Horse and Driver in the Western Han Period Bronze You Jar with Handle and Animal Designs of the Shang Dynasty

Bronze Animal of the Spring and Autumn Period Porcelain Model with Chrysanthemum Design of the Northern Song Period Silver Magic Fish Inlaid with Gold of the Song Dynasty P29-30: Silver Beach in Beihai Awesome Waves World of Corals Shrimp Cage Collecting

Delicious Seafood Fine Views of Weizhou Island P31-32: Golden Beach Dolphins in the Sanniang Bay The Jing People Fishing Girls Brave Kid Swimmers Golden Sand in the Bay P33-34: Nanning International Convention and Exhibition Center Flag of China-ASEAN Expo Hello, ASEAN Tianhu Lake in Qingxiu Mountain P35-36: Night Views of Nanning Rainbow over the Green City Views of the City Morning Exercise The People’s Hall P37-38: Opening Ceremony of the Nanning International Folk Song Arts Festival A Mass of Color Bronze Drum Dance Blessings of Fortune P39-40: Please Stay Here, Guests from Afar! Beautiful Zhuang Brocade Firework Show Back Cover: Customs

History New Look Culture 10

第三篇:2015汉译英句子翻译(包括参考译文)

2015年汉译英综合练习

1. 她就是这样风里来,雨里去,成年累月地工作着。

This is how she carries on her work, rain or shine, all the year round. 2. 西湖如明镜,千峰凝翠,洞壑幽深,风光奇丽。

The West Lake is like a mirror, embellished all around with emerald hills and deep caves of enchanting beauty.

3. 但我就是这个脾气,虽然几经努力,却未能改变过来。

But it’s the way I am, and try as I might, I haven’t been able to change it. 4. 一踏上中华人民共和国国土,我们就随时随地地受到关怀和照顾。

From the moment we stepped into the People’s Republic of China, care and kindness surrounded us on every side.

5. 袭人道:“一百年还记得呢!比不得你,拿着我的话当耳边风,夜里说了,早起就忘了。”

“I’ll remember it if I live to be a hundred!” said Aroma. “I am not like you, letting what I say go in at one ear and out at the other forgetting what’s said at night by the next morning.” 6. 要制造飞机,就必须仔细考虑空气阻力问题。

Air resistance must be given careful consideration when the aircraft is to be made. 7. 为什么总把这些麻烦事推给我呢?

Why should all the unpleasant jobs be pushed onto me?

8. 只有在我过于劳累,在我长时间无间断地工作,在我感到内心空虚,需要补充精神营养的时候,我才感到寂寞。

I am lonely when I am overtired, when I have worked too long without a break, when for the time being I feel empty and need filling up. 9. 中国成功地爆炸了第一颗原子弹,在全世界引起了巨大的反响。

The successful explosion of the first atomic bomb in China caused great repercussions all over the world.

10. 我们应该实行国民经济信息化和科研成果产业化。

We should build an information-based national economy and apply scientific research achievements to industrial production.

11. 你说的倒轻巧,你也给我捧个奖杯回来。

You talk as if it were very simple. Why not try yourself and see if you can bring back a trophy, too? 12. 中国应该用实践向世界表明,中国反对霸权主义、强权政治、永不称霸。

China should show the world through actions that she is opposed to hegemonism and power politics and will never seek hegemony.

13. 中国明朝的著名旅行家徐霞客一生周游考察了16个省,足迹几乎遍布全国。

Xu Xiake, a great traveler in China’s Ming Dynasty, visited 16 provinces in his lifetime, leaving his footprints in nearly every corner of the country. 14. 阿Q将衣服摔在地上,吐一口唾沫,说:“这毛虫”!

Ah Q flung his jacket on the ground, spat, and swore, “Hairy worm!” 15. “三个臭皮匠,顶个诸葛亮”,这就是说,群众有伟大的创造力。

The old saying, “Three cobblers with their wits combined would equal Zhuge Liang, the master mind,” simply means the masses have great creativity.

16. 其实中年是人生盛华的开始,不应贪婪,不应享受。

In fact, middle age represents the prime of one’s life, allowing no greed or self-indulgence. 17. 潘一堂没儿没女,但很爱穷人的小孩。

Pan Yitang, though with no family of his own, liked the children of the poor very much. 18. 父亲死后,张大力两手空空,欠了一身债,地主逼着他当了长工。

The father’s debt was finally passed on to the son. Zhang Dali then was forced to work as a hired hand for the landlord to pay it off in part. 19. 展出的所有作品都出自这个村的农民之手。他们粗糙的手描绘出幅幅美好的画卷。

All the beautiful works on display are painted by the farmers with their own hands that are used to do farm work. 20. 要形成一种制度,确保领导班子年轻化、知识化、专业化。

A system should be instituted to ensure that a younger, better-educated and more professional leadership is maintained. 21. 他走进屋里,大衣上尽是雪,鼻子冻得通红。

He entered the room, his coat covered with snow and his nose red with cold. 22. 其实世界上本没有路,走的人多了,也便成了路。

Actually there were no roads on the earth to begin with, but when many men pass one way, a road is finally made. 23. 人民犯了法,也要受处罚,也要坐班房。

When anyone among the people breaks the law, he/she too should be punished.

24. 浙江历史悠久,文化灿烂,是中国古代文明的发祥地之一,是中国传统手工技艺与民间美术大省。

Zhejiang, a province of traditional handicraft and folk art, is one of the cradles of ancient Chinese civilization with its time-honored history and brilliant culture. 25. 一个说:“这孩子将来是要死的。”他于是得到一顿大家合力的痛打。

Another, however, is given a sound beating by the whole family for saying, “The child, like all humans, will eventually die.”

26. 采菊东篱下,在这里,确是可以悠然见南山的;大概把“南”字变个“西”或“北”, 也没有多少了不得吧。

An ancient Chinese poet by the name of Tao Yuanming says in one of his famous poems, “Plucking chrysanthemums under the eastern hedge, I calmly view the southern hills.” I might as well substitute “southern” with the word “western” or “northern” in the line. 27. 去的尽管去了,来的尽管来着,去来的中间,又怎样的匆匆呢?

Those that have gone have gone for good, those to come keep coming; yet in between, how swift is the shift, in such a rush? 28. 像今晚上,一个人在这苍茫的月下,什么都可以想,什么都可以不想,便觉得是个自由的人。

As it is tonight, basking in misty moonshine all by myself, I feel I am a free man, free to think of anything, or of nothing. 29. 我们必须坚持社会主义道路,坚持人民民主专政,坚持共产党领导,坚持马列主义、毛泽东思想。

We must adhere to the socialist road, the people’s democratic dictatorship, the Communist Party’s leadership, Marxism-Leninism and Mao Zedong Thoughts. 30. 那件令人不快的事件,已经搞得满城风雨、人人皆知了。

There has been much publicity about the unpleasant case. 31. 我们的教育方针,应该使受到教育者在德育、智育、体育几方面都得到发展,成为有社会主义觉悟、有文化的劳动者。

Our educational policy should enable everyone who receives an education to develop morally, intellectually and physically and become a worker with both socialist consciousness and culture. 32. 杭州是长江三角洲地区的大城市,是浙江省的政治、经济、文化、科技中心。

Hangzhou, a metropolis situated in the Yangtze Delta, is the political, economic, cultural, scientific and technological center of Zhejiang Province.

33. 澳门问题的圆满解决,是中葡两国关系史上的一个重要里程碑。

The successful settlement of the Macao issue marks an important milestone in the annals of Sino-Portuguese relations.

34. 我们国家大、人口众多、经济落后,农业要搞上去,最重要的还是要调动农民的积极性,自力更生,艰苦奋斗。

Agriculture advance in so vast a country, with such a large population and backward economy as in China, requires above all mobilizing the initiative of farmers to work hard and self-reliantly.

35. 她的脸色苍白而带光泽,仿佛大理石似的;一双眼睛又大又黑,在黯淡的囚房中,宝石似的闪着晶莹的光。

Her face was pale and yet as lustrous as marble, and her large, black eyes sparkled like jewels in that murky cell. 36. 他们一窝蜂地挤拢来,每人盛一碗,就四散地蹲伏或者站立在路上和门口吃。(

They crowded strenuously around like a swarm of bees, each ladling out a bowl of meager porridge, and then scattered, having their meals by crouching or standing at the pathway or the doorway.

37. 每条岭都是那么温柔,虽然下自山脚,上至岭顶,长满了珍贵的林木,可谁也不孤峰突起,盛气凌人。

All the ridges were so amiable, and none of them stood above the others with arrogance though their slopes were fully covered with precious trees.

38. 突然,在我们头顶五六丈的上空,发出一声可怕的霹雳,闪电像利剑一样直插下来,天空被彻底吹裂了,震碎了!

All of a sudden, there came a terrible thunderclap about fifty feet directly above our heads, and a bolt thrust downward like a sharp sword. The sky was brought into pieces. 39. 成千上万的人涌进医院,瞻仰这位伟大影星的遗容。

Thousands of people flocked to the hospital to pay their respects to the remains of the great film star.

40. 从严冷枯黄的北方归来,看到展现在我眼前的青山碧水,红花绿叶,使我惊讶而欢喜。

Having returned from the bitterly cold drab North, I was amazed and delighted when being greeted by the charming scenery of green mountains and emerald rivers as well as red flowers and verdant leaves. 41. 这小小的花生豆不像那好看的苹果、桃子、石榴,把他们的果实悬在枝上,鲜红嫩绿的颜色,令人一望而发生羡慕之心。它只把果实埋在地底,等到成熟,才容人把它挖出。(许地山:《落花生》) While nice-looking apples, peaches and pomegranates hang their fruit on branches and win people’s instant admiration with their brilliant colors, tiny little peanuts bury themselves underground and remain unearthed until they’re ripe. (魏志刚译) 42. 古之学者必有师。师者,所以传道、授业、解惑也。(韩愈:师说) Ancient scholars certainly had teachers. A teacher is one who passes on the truth, imparts knowledge and solves puzzles. (戴抗选、谢北魁译)

43. 默默的计算着,八千多个日子已经从我手中溜去;像针尖上的一滴水滴在大海里,我的日子滴在时间的流水里,没有声音,也没有影子。(朱自清:匆匆)

Counting up silently, I find that more than 8, 000 days have let slip through my fingers. Like a drop of water falling off a needle point to the ocean, my days are quietly dripping into the stream of time without leaving a trace. (魏志成译)

44. 三个人品字式坐下,随便谈了几句。

Three people sat down facing each other and began casual chatting. 45. 可是青年人热烈的求知欲望和好高骛远的劲头,管它懂不懂,她还是如饥如渴地读下去。(杨沫:《青春之歌》)

Yet her youthful craving for knowledge, her aspiring spirit, made her read on eagerly whether she understood it or not. 46. 他已三十六岁,青春像一路鸣叫的鹰,早已一闪而逝,留给他的是衰老和幻灭。

He was thirty-six, with his youth having passed like a screaming eagle, leaving him old and disillusioned.

47. 任时光荏苒, 我的爱永不会老去。

As the time turns the page, my love won’t age at all. 48.他走出门,消失在夜色中,就像一滴雨归于大海。

He went out and melted into the night like a raindrop returning home to the sea. 49. 我的内心充满了害怕和喜悦,但我已经准备好了。 Feelings of fear and joy overwhelmed me but I was ready.

50. Peter 香烟选料上乘,有了它,走遍天下,您都能吞云吐雾,快活不已。 Rich choice tobaccos make Peter the international passport to smoking pleasures.

51. 西湖笼罩在迷人的夜色中。

A glamour was cast over the West Lake. 52. 这几年医学领域进展神速。

These years have witnessed tremendous progress in medical field. 53. 美式足球激起了大家对它的狂热。

The American football excites tremendous enthusiasm. 54. 这个城市属地中海气候,夏天炎热,冬天凉爽。

This city enjoys a Mediterranean climate with hot summers and cool winters. 55. 所有这一切都让人感到古代的和谐气氛。 All this suggests ancient harmonies.

56. 尼罗河沿岸直到苏丹境内很远的地方,到处可以见到古埃及的坟墓和寺庙。

Tombs and temples of ancient Egypt follow the Nile well into Sudan. 57. 他理应受到人们给他的一切称赞。

He merited all the praise which had been given to him. 58.他沉浸在这一景点带来的回忆当中。

He drank in the memories recalled by the scene.

59.历史洪流回旋跌宕,川流不息,人类社会走向进步的趋势势不可挡。

As history surges forward like an unstoppable torrent,human society evolves toward progress with an irresistible force. 60. 你问得我很难为情。 I was embarrassed by your question. 61. 反恐的范围定不下来。

The definition of anti-terrorism hasn’t been agreed upon. 62. 中英相距遥远,但两国人民友好交往不断增多。

Despite the great distance between China and Britain, friendly exchanges between the two peoples have been on the rise.

Or: Although China and Britain are far apart, there have been increasing friendly exchanges between our two peoples.

63. 2001年9月11日,早上八点钟刚过一会儿,一架飞机撞上了纽约世贸中心大楼。

A little after 8 o’clock on the morning of Sept. 11, 2001, a plane hit the World Trade Center Tower in New York.

Or: It was a little after 8 o’clock on the morning of Sept. 11, 2001 when a plane hit the world Trade Center Tower in New York. 64. 我正要睡觉,电话铃响了。

I was going to sleep when the telephone rang.

65. 要花多年的时间努力练习,才能说一口流利的英语。

It takes years’ efforts to practice before you could speak fluent English. 66. 我正要过马路,一辆汽车冲着我开来。

I was going to cross the street when a car sped toward me.

67. 中国政府正试图通过倡导道德、公正和廉洁的儒家思想来解决经济高速发展带来的社会问题。

Chinese Government is promoting the Confucian values of ethics, fairness, and honesty, seeing it as a way to address/solve the social problems that have emerged as a result of the accelerated economic growth.

68. 我的法语,看报很吃力。

With my present level of French, I can not read French newspaper easily.

69. 展望未来,我们可以满怀信心地说,推动东亚经济和社会发展达到新的水平,已经具备了良好的条件。

Looking ahead, we can say with full confidence that sound conditions have been ready for East Asia to raise its economic and social development to a new level. 70. 世事皆利弊并存。/有利则有弊。

It is an ill wind that blows nobody good.

71. 他们几乎爱讲什么就讲什么,全然不考虑什么谨慎不谨慎。

Their language was almost unrestrained by any motive of prudence. 72. 这小子真不中用,只会帮倒忙。

This useless guy is always more of a drawback than a help.

or: The guy is good-for-nothing, for he can only make things worse. 73. 如果这个问题不解决,势必影响两国的关系。

If this problem remains unsolved, it tends to harm the relationship between our two countries. or: Failure to settle this issue is bound to impair the relations between the two countries. 74 她这样一会儿一种情绪,叫汤姆时而灰心,时而高兴。 These alternation of her mood were the despair and joy of Tom. 75. 他用手肘在人群中开了条路。 He elbowed his way through the crowd. 76. 母亲去世后,他不得不肩负了许多责任。

He had to shoulder a lot of responsibility after his mother died.

77. 犯罪后他认为自己是安全的,但实际上警方已经跟踪他好几个星期了。

After committing the crime, he thought he was safe, but the police dogged his steps for weeks afterwards.

78. 你可要保持清醒。我担心你被他性感迷人的样子冲昏了头脑。

You need to keep a straight mind, and I’m afraid her sexy looks have clouded your vision. 79. 现在这些高考改革方案隔靴搔痒,根本解决不了问题。

The reform plan on college entrance examination is merely symbolic and can hardly solve the problems. 80. 现在中央的一系列规定,既有利于公务员的身体健康,也杜绝了“饭桌上的腐败”。 The regulations that has been issued by the central government not only benefited the health of civil servants but also help root out the corruption at dining tables. 81. 看淡点,不要老觉得天要塌下来的样子。万事总有一条归路,要娶妻生子,就是一条人生的大路啊。

Take things easy. It’s not the end of the world. Everything in life has a destination, and marriage and progeny is one of them.

82. 只是不怕死,并不够叫作勇敢。勇敢的人是有冷静的理智,正确地下了判断,长久地坚持自己的行动的。

You may have faced death, but that’s not enough for courage. Courage is action sustained through reason and judgment.

83. 我们大家都应该尽全力把这匹害群之马弄回来,他闯下的祸够大了。

We should all work together to bring the black sheep back to the fold, he has done enough damage.

84. 他满眼沉重的悲痛,颜色较前些天更暗淡,脸上的胡须也长深了,却依然强打着精神。 His eyes were heavy with mourning, looking even more weighed down than before. He had a stubble by then, but he was trying to keep up his spirits. 85. 你应该乐观,你必须做一个顶天立地的汉子。任何事情都没有太晚的时候,你要大胆,大胆,再大胆。

You should have confidence and take on the world as a man. Nothing is ever too late, what you need is courage, courage and more courage.

86. 我在年青的时候也曾经做过许多梦,后来大半忘却了,但自己也并不以为可惜。

When I was young I, too, had many dreams, most of which I later forgot. But I see nothing in this to regret.

87. 真的猛士,敢于直面惨淡的人生,敢于正视淋漓的鲜血。

True fighters dare face the sorrows of humanity, and look unflinchingly at bloodshed. 88. 然而造化又常常为庸人设计,以时间的流驶,来洗涤旧迹,仅使留下淡红的血色和微漠的悲哀。

But the Creator’s common device for ordinary people is to let the passage of time wash away old traces, leaving only pale-red bloodstains and a vague pain.

89. 梅雨潭闪闪的绿色招引着我们;我们开始追捉她那离合的神光了。

The flashing green of Plum Rain Pool was beckoning to us, and we set out to seize its elusive splendor.

90. 她又不杂些儿尘滓, 宛然一块温润的碧玉,只清清的一色——但你却看不透她。 It is unmixed, too, with any dust or dregs, remaining one whole sheet of enchanting turquoise, a single, translucent color—yet one you cannot see through. 91. 我看见他戴着黑布小帽,穿着黑布大马褂,深青色棉袍,蹒跚着走到铁道边,慢慢探身下去,尚不大难。

I watched him in his black cloth cap and jacket and dark blue cotton-padded gown, as he waddled to the tracks and climbed slowly down—not so difficult after all.

92. 曲曲折折的荷塘上面,弥望的是田田的叶子。叶子出水很高,像亭亭的舞女的裙。 As far as eyes could see, the pool with its winding margin was covered with trim leaves, which rose high out of the water like the flared skirts of dancing girls.

93. 微风过处,送来缕缕清香,仿佛远处高楼上渺茫的歌声似的。

The breeze carried past gusts of fragrance, like the strains of a song faintly heard from a far-off tower.

94. 树色一例是阴阴的,乍看像一团烟雾;但杨柳的丰姿,便在烟雾里也辨得出。

All the trees were somber as dense smoke, but among them you could make out the luxuriant willows.

95. 我提着这灵巧的小桔灯,慢慢地在黑暗潮湿的山路上走着。

I took the little lamp ingeniously created with orange skin and made my way up the dark and wet path.

96. 夜是漆黑的一片,在我的脚下仿佛横着沉睡的大海。

The night was pitch-dark as if I was standing on a slumbering sea.

97. 是烟是雾,我们辨识不清,只见灰蒙蒙一片,把老大一座高山,上上下下,裹了一个严实。

A grey haze, like smoke or mist, was shrouding the whole great mountain from head to foot. 98. 烟卷头三点火星在闪烁发亮,大风把小土屋里淤积的燠闷吹光了,大雨给小土屋里灌满清新的凉气。

The sparks from the tips of our cigarettes twinkled and glowed. The blustering wind had dispelled the oppressive heat that had accumulated inside the hut, which was now full of cool, refreshing air. 99. 你用不着客气,任何一个蒙古包都是你温暖的家。

You need not hesitate to make any one of the yurts your home for the night. 100. 日出后的草原千里通明,这时最便于发现蘑菇。

When the sun lights up the whole grassland it is the best time to look for mushrooms. 101. 他们看起来似乎很平凡、很简单的哩,既看不出他们有甚么高明的知识,又看不出他们有丰盛细致的感情。

There seems to be nothing extraordinary about them. To all appearances they have not much learning nor any great sensitivity. 102. 我肚里饿,身上冷,跌了几跤,手掌也擦破了。 Hungry, cold, I tripped and fell, scraping my hands.

103. 真不知道一个堂堂佛教圣地,怎么会让一个道士来管。

I have no idea how a sacred shrine of Buddhism could fall into the hands of a Taoist. 104. 洗了澡出来,房间和走廊里寂寥无声。

I emerged from the bath only to find the room and corridor deserted. 105. 我立即深深地感到它那种不屈于误解、寂寞的生存的伟大。

I began to recognize and respect the greatness of its stoicism in the face of misunderstanding and lack of appreciation, and the strength of its forbearance in the face of a vast and eternally lonely, solitary existence.

106. 她有时仿佛孤独了一点,爱坐在岩石上去,向天空一片云一颗星凝眸。

Sometimes, as if disinclined for company, she sat all alone on a rock staring raptly at a cloud or star in the sky. 107. 这世界有的是你们小伙子分上的一切,应当好好地干,日头不辜负你们,你们也莫辜负日头!

The world belongs to you youngsters. Just do your best and it won’t let you down. But don’t let the days go by in vain.

108. 黄昏照样的温柔,美丽和平静。但一个人若体念到这个当前一切时,也就照样的在这黄昏中会有点儿薄薄的凄凉。

Dust is as tender, lovely and tranquil as ever. But anyone brooding over the evening scene is bound to have a faint sense of desolation.

109. 月光极其柔和,溪面浮着一层薄薄白雾,这时节对溪若有人唱歌,隔溪应和,实在太美丽了。

In the tender moonlight a fine white mist was floating above the water. A perfect time for two lovers to sing to each other across the stream.

110. 日子平平地过了一个月,一切人心上的病痛,似乎皆在那份长长的白日下医治好了。 Another month slipped quietly by and aching hearts seemed to heal in the long summer days. 111. 黄昏时天气十分郁闷,溪面上各处飞着红蜻蜓。天上已起了云,热风把两山竹篁吹得声音极大,看样子到晚上必落大雨。

It was a close, stifling evening. Red dragon-flies were skimming low over the water. Clouds gathered in the sky and a sultry wind made the bamboos creak and grown. A storm was brewing. 112. 她开了大门,到外面去站了一下,耳听到各处都是虫声,天上月色极好,大星子嵌进透蓝天空里,非常沉静温柔。

She opened the door and stood in front of the hut for a while, listening to the insects all around. The moon was bright, the clear blue sky was inlaid with brilliant stars. It was all unbelievably quiet and lovely.

113. 时候变了,一切也自然不同了,皇帝已不再坐江山,平常人还消说!

Times change and everything with them. If even the emperor had been dragged off his golden throne, what vicissitudes must be the fate of lesser mortals! 114. 桥不仅方便了大家的生活,同时也是沟通、理解、友谊的象征。

A bridge not only makes life more convenient, it could also be a symbol of communication, understanding and friendship. 115. 历史是现实的根源,任何一个国家的今天都来自昨天。

For any country in the world, the past always holds the key to the present, and the present is always rooted in the past. 116. 刚开始工作的时候,尤其要注意不能出现原则性问题。

It’s of particular importance to avoid crucial mistakes at the beginning of your career. 117. 爱国主义教育要求我们在这个时候要化悲愤为力量。

To be patriotic, we need to turn grief into strength at this very moment. 118. 醉卧美人膝,醒掌天下权,这不就是小白穿越者的幻想么。

To sleep in the arms of beauties, and to wake with the power to rule the planet. Isn’t that a common illusion woven by vulgar writers who fake a life into the past? 119. 逻辑学是一门艰奥的学问,不是普通人都能行的。 Logic is a field too obscure to be mastered by a person of average intelligence. 120. 接下去要真抓实干,力争保质保量完成任务。

You shall make real efforts to ensure the completion of the task with quality and efficiency.

第四篇:《三戒》译文及赏析

柳宗元寓言《三戒》

【原文】吾恒恶世之人,不知推己之本,而乘物以逞,或依势以干非其类,出技以怒强,窃时以肆暴,然卒迨于祸。有客谈麋、驴、鼠三物,似其事,作《三戒》。 【译文】我常常厌恶世上的有些人,不知道考虑自己的实际能力,而只是凭借外力来逞强;或者依仗势力和自己不同的人打交道,使出伎俩来激怒比他强的对象,趁机胡作非为,但最后却招致了灾祸。有位客人同我谈起麋、驴、鼠三个动物的故事,我觉得与那些人的情形差不多,于是就写了这篇《三戒》。

永某氏之鼠

【原文】永有某氏者,畏日,拘忌异甚。以为己生岁直子,鼠,子神也,因爱鼠,不畜猫犬,禁僮勿击鼠。仓廪庖厨,悉以恣鼠不问。

由是鼠相告,皆来某氏,饱食而无祸。某氏室无完器,椸无完衣,饮食大率鼠之余也。昼累累与人兼行,夜则窃啮斗暴,其声万状,不可以寝,终不厌。

数岁,某氏徙居他州。后人来居,鼠为态如故。其人曰:“是阴类恶物也,盗暴尤甚,且何以至是乎哉?”假五六猫,阖门,撤瓦灌穴,购僮罗捕之。杀鼠如丘,弃之隐处,臭(字为上自下死)数月乃已。

呜呼!彼以其饱食无祸为可恒也哉!

【译文】永州有某人,怕犯日忌,拘执禁忌特别过分。认为自己出生的年分正值子年,而老鼠又是子年的生肖,因此爱护老鼠,家中不养猫狗,也不准仆人伤害它们。他家的粮仓和厨房,都任凭老鼠横行,从来不管。

因此老鼠就相互转告,都跑到某人家里,既能吃饱肚子,又很安全。某人家中没有一件完好无损的器物,笼筐箱架中没有一件完整的衣服,吃的大都是老鼠吃剩下的东西。白天老鼠成群结队地与人同行,夜里则偷咬东西,争斗打闹,各种各样的叫声,吵得人无法睡觉。但某人始终不觉得老鼠讨厌。

过了几年,某人迁居去了别的州郡。后面的人住进来后,老鼠的猖獗仍和过去一样。那人就说:“老鼠是在阴暗角落活动的可恶动物,但这里的老鼠偷咬吵闹特别厉害,怎么会到这种地步呢?”于是借来了五六只猫,关上屋门,翻开瓦片,用水灌洞,买来仆人四面围捕。捕杀到的老鼠,堆得象座小山。都丢弃在隐蔽无人的地方,臭气散发了数月才停止。

唉!那些老鼠还以为吃得饱饱的而又没有灾祸是可以长久的事情呢!

临江之麋

【原文】临江之人,畋得麋麑,畜之。入门,群犬垂涎,扬尾皆来,其人怒怛之。自是日抱就犬,习示之,稍使与之戏。积久,犬皆如人意。麋麑稍大,忘己之麋也,以为犬良我友,抵触偃仆益狎。犬畏主人,与之俯仰甚善。然时啖其舌。

三年,麋出门,见外犬在道甚众,走欲与为戏。外犬见而喜且怒,共杀食之,狼藉道上。麋致死不悟。

【译文】临江有个人出去打猎,得到一只幼麋,就抱回家把它饲养起来。刚踏进家门,群狗一见,嘴边都流出了口水,摇着尾巴,纷纷聚拢过来。猎人大怒,把群狗吓退。从此猎人每天抱了幼麋与狗接近,让狗看了习惯,不去伤害幼麋,并逐渐使狗和幼麋一起游戏。经过了好长一段时间,狗都能顺从主人的意思了。幼麋稍为长大后,却忘记了自己是麋类,以为狗是它真正的伙伴,开始和狗嬉戏,显得十分亲昵。狗因为害怕主人,也就很好地和幼麋玩耍,可是又不时舔着自己的舌头,露出馋相。

这样过了三年,一次麋独自出门,见路上有许多外面的狗,就跑过去想和它们一起嬉戏。这些狗一见麋,又高兴又恼怒,共同把它咬死吃了,骨头撒了一路。

1 麋到死都没有明白这是怎么回事。

黔之驴

【原文】黔无驴,有好事者船载以入。至则无可用,放之山下。虎见之,庞然大物也,以为神。蔽林间窥之,稍出近之,慭慭然,莫相知。

他日,驴一鸣,虎大骇,远遁,以为且噬己也,甚恐。然往来视之,觉无异能者,益习其声,又近出前后,终不敢搏。稍近益狎,荡倚冲冒,驴不胜怒,蹄之。虎因喜,计之曰:“技止此耳!”因跳踉大阚(加口字旁),断其喉,尽其肉,乃去。

噫,形之庞也类有德,声之宏也类有能,向不出其技,虎虽猛,疑畏卒不敢取;今若是焉,悲夫!

【译文】黔中没有驴子,喜欢多事的人用船把它运了进去。运到以后,发现驴子没有什么用处,就把它放到山下。老虎看到驴子那巨大的身躯,以为是神怪出现。就躲到树林间暗中偷看,一会儿又稍稍走近观察,战战兢兢,但最终还是识不透驴子是什么东西。

一天,驴子大叫一声,老虎听了大惊,逃得远远的,以为驴子要来咬自己,极为恐惧。然而来回观察驴子的样子,觉得它并没有什么特别的本领;再者老虎听惯了驴子的叫声,又走近驴子,在它周围徘徊,但最终还是不敢上前搏斗。又稍稍走近驴子,越发轻侮地开始冲撞冒犯,驴子忍不住大怒,就用蹄来踢。老虎因此大喜,心中盘算道:“本领不过如此罢了。”于是老虎腾跃怒吼起来,咬断了驴子的咽喉,吃尽了驴子的肉,然后离去。

唉!驴子形体庞大,好像很有法道,声音宏亮,好像很有本领,假如不使出自己的本领(从而暴露出自己的弱点),那么老虎虽然凶猛,也会因为疑虑畏惧而终究不敢进攻;而现在却落得这个样子,真是可悲啊!

参考资料:

佛教里的三戒:戒色、戒斗、戒得 儒家的三戒:见《论语·季氏》,“君子有三戒:少之时,血气未定,戒之在色;及其壮也,血气方刚,戒之在斗;及其老也,血气既衰,戒之所得。” 道教之说,如《孙真人卫生歌》:“卫生切要知三戒,大怒大欲并大醉,三者若还有一焉,须防损失真元气。” 赏析:

在先秦诸子散文中有很多寓言,如“刻舟求剑”、“揠苗助长”、“邯郸学步”、“削足适履”等等。这些寓言往往是做为议论的手段运用的。柳宗元的寓言,虽然只有寥寥数篇,却对先秦寓言有新的发展:一是他的寓言有了全新的情节,二是有了典型化的形象,三是十分讲究语言表现形式。有此三点,说明柳宗元的寓言成了有意识的创作,使寓言成了文学创作的一种独立的样式,这在我国文学发展史上是有很大的贡献的。

柳宗元寓言的内容是“高度的哲理性与强烈的政治性相结合的”,“现实针对性很强,往往是对当时重大政治问题之讽喻”(孙昌武著《柳宗元传论》)。其中最有代表性的是《三戒》,写了一组三篇寓言:《临江之麋》、《黔之驴》、《永某氏之鼠》。作者把他们放在一起,冠名曰《三戒》,是有深刻含义的。

前人议论《三戒》的文字不少,有人说柳宗元的寓言后面,“必有一句最有力量,最透辟者镇之”(林纾《韩柳文研究法》,商务印书馆,1936年版),言下之意是每个寓言后面作者自己的“评论”就是对寓言内容最透辟的解释和评论。而这个解释和评论究竟是什么,林先生语焉不详。另外,有人以为《黔之驴》是讥讽那些腐败无能的世家旧族的,也有人以为他是在比附、抨击自己的政敌,孙昌武先生说:“这个

2 无德无能却又无自知之名的驴子被老虎吃掉的故事”(《指黔之驴》)“含着一定的讽世意义,如果我们从庞然大物的弱者终究要失败的情节来分析,就该领悟到事物的大与小,强与弱互相转化的道理。如果再从驴子因一踢而丧生的结局分析,又会得出无技不可逞能的教训。而从这个故事中概括出来的“黔驴技穷”一语,又是对敌人力尽而技穷,不堪一击的状态的生动形容”。

《〈中华活页文选〉合订本

(一)》顾易生在《三戒》注的说明里说:“作者通过小麋、驴子、老鼠三种动物的先后悲剧,对旧社会中些依仗人势、侍宠骄横、得意忘形、外强中干、作威作福、贪婪暴虐的人物加以强烈的讽刺,表示人民对他们的蔑视、鄙视和憎恨,包含着对反动统治者所豢养的奴才进行斗争的意义。”

中国科学院文学研究所出版的《中国文学史》认为:“著名的《三戒》就是借麋、驴、鼠三种动物的故事,来讽刺那些或侍宠骄横、或盲目自大的得意忘形之徒,并指出他们自取灭亡的下场。”“这些寓言往往概括了一些普遍的真理,其讽刺对象是较广泛的;但这些徒有其表,虚张声势的社会现象,在统治集团中间却是更为大量而集中的存在,因此,它无疑是刺向整个官僚社会的一把锋利的匕首”。

以上这些议论的一个共同点,基本上都是认为柳宗元的《三戒》是讽刺他的政敌或统治阶级的。毛主席在《一个极其重要的政策》里又说了下面一段话:

柳宗元曾经描写过的‘黔驴之技’,也是一个很好的教训。一个庞然大物的驴子跑进贵州去了,贵州的小老虎见了很有一些害怕。但到后来,大驴子还是被小老虎吃掉了。我们八路军和新四军是孙行者和小老虎,是很有办法对付这个日本妖精和驴子的。”由于毛泽东及《毛泽东选集》的影响,黔之驴便真成了敌人的形象了。有的虽然接触到了问题的实质,但立刻又转到别处去了。那么,《三戒》的内容和它嘲讽的对象究竟是什么呢?

我认为:要弄清《三戒》内容所嘲讽的事物的真相,先要从观念上解决三个问题:第一,先要承认本人开头说的,柳宗元的寓言是艺术创作,艺术创作的形象(不管是人是物),都有典型性,是对一种社会现象,一种类型人物的艺术概括和典型化;艺术创作的原型(或模特)不等于艺术形象本身。第二,我们要摆脱柳宗元创作的寓言特别是《三戒》一定是针对政敌或坏人、恶人的,因为他有很多直接抨击政敌的论文、散文、诗歌,他不一定非要再用“寓言”来比较曲折隐晦地表达他的这种思想和感情。这种思想感情有时是不便明说或不想直说甚至连作者当时都处在矛盾中说不清楚的。于是他便“托物言志”,让读者驰骋自己的想象,想类似的事物,类似的现象,类似的感情。这种不能一下指实的艺术形象,却能通过读者的想象发展为很多类似的形象,从而使人们受到警策和借鉴,这便是柳宗元寓言不同于先秦诸子散文中的寓言而成为独立的文学创作的奥秘所在。第三,我们研究文学作品的内容和形象,究竟是紧紧抓住这个内容和形象本身进行研究,还是主观地按自己先已确定的结论(如《三戒》是讽刺敌人或坏人的)去进行研究呢?我认为应取前一种。

在这样的前提之下,我们来研究柳宗元的《三戒》。我们反复阅读《临江之麋》、《黔之驴》、《永某氏之鼠》,发现小鹿、驴、鼠都不象是敌人、恶人或罪恶事物、人物形象的代表,而且也不是作者嘲讽的对象。

“临江之麋”是被人“畋得"(打猎得到)而蓄养的,本身也是受害者,身不由己,只不过它“乘物以逞”,在主人的关心、保护下失去了警惕性,以为一群“外犬”(野狗)也可以象主人家的犬一样“狎戏”,结果被野狗“杀食之”而“至死不悟”!“至死不悟”,是它不知道同是狗,为什么家里的狗能“狎之”而野狗却要吃它!黔之驴虽然“形之庞也类有德,声之宏也类有能”,但它也是无辜的。它被“好事者”用船装到黔,当地人由于从未有过驴而使它“无可用,放之山下”。驴从无害虎心,虎却一而再、再而三地向他挑衅。当驴“不胜怒”(也是忍无可忍),踢了虎一脚(“蹄之”),

3 从而暴露了自己的无能,被虎“跳踉大阚,断其喉,食其肉”。作者深表同情地说:驴“向不出其技,虎虽猛,疑畏卒不敢取;今若是焉,悲夫!”柳宗元分明是同情驴的,因为他是受害者,而且是被“好事者”用船把它装到它不熟悉的地方后发生的悲剧!言下之意,如果驴不被好事者弄到黔,它可能就不会遇到虎,也就不会被吃掉!“永某氏之鼠”的矛头所向也不是“鼠”。永州某氏属鼠,便以为鼠是神,因而“爱鼠,不畜猫”致使鼠忘乎所以。当然永某氏之鼠也有不是,无远见,以为“饱食无祸”的日子可以永远过下去。结果当然不是这样,换了一个主人(这个主人不是死掉了,而是徙居他州),新主人对他们下毒手,一网打尽! 回过头来再看作者的小序:

“吾恒恶世之人,不知推己之本,而乘物以逞。或依势以干非其类,出技以怒强,窃时以肆暴,然卒迨于祸。有客谈麋、驴、鼠三物,似其事,作《三戒》。”

小序是柳宗元对自己创作动机的说明。他说他“恒恶世之人,不知推己之本,而乘物以逞”。“世之人”不能直接解释成政敌或敌人是显而易见的,只能说世上有这么一些人,柳宗元常常对这么一些人感到厌恶。厌恶他们什么呢?他们“不知推己之本,而乘物以逞”。即是不从自己的实际(实力)出发,依仗外力(别人的力量)来达到目的。“逞”,不少书中都注成“逞强”,但从三篇寓言看,麋、驴、鼠都没有逞强,只是不谙世事,不知对手的厉害不切实际地想达到目的。柳宗元对麋、驴、鼠“卒迨于祸”的原因认为是“依势干非其类(依靠某种势力与自己不同类型的人打交道,一起干事)。上文说过他在三篇寓言的评论文字中也表现了对麋、驴、鼠的同情。他本身的看法就是前后矛盾的,至少在感情上是如此!“有客谈麋、驴、鼠三物,似其事,作《三戒》”。柳宗元明明白白地告诉我们,有人跟他谈了临江之麋、黔之驴、永某氏之鼠的情况,他觉得“似其事”,所以才写了《三戒》。

“似其事”三个字是关键!向来无人注意此三字!因为容易懂不必解释。从字面上看,“其”,代词,这里毫无疑问应解释为“那,那些”,“似其事”就是象那件事情,或象那些事。这“那件事”,或“那些事”,究竟是什么事件呢?弄明白了“那件事”、“那些事”,麋、驴、鼠的所指大概也就基本清楚了。要回答这个问题,我认为我们就必须研究、分析柳宗元创作《三戒》的时代背景和思想感情。

柳宗元创作《三戒》的时代背景是什么呢?

《三戒》是柳宗元被贬为柳州司马,到永州后创作的。柳宗元33岁时擢升为礼部员外郎,成为王叔文集团的主要成员,他们依靠重病在身的唐顺宗李诵的支持,打击宦官、藩镇和大地主大官僚的势力,推行政治改革(史称“永贞革新”),兴利除弊取得一定成功,仅几个月,由于李诵病重被逼让位于宪宗李纯,李纯在宦官、藩镇、大官僚地主的支持下取消改革,贬谪、诛杀改革集团的主要领导人物,年轻有为的政治家、文学家柳宗元和刘禹锡、韦执谊、韩秦、陈谏、韩晔、凌准、程异八人都被贬为偏远州的“司马”,这就是历史上所说的“八司马事件”。柳宗元从“超取显美”的高官一下子被贬为“自度罪大”的流囚。这种不平常的遭遇和社会地位的巨大变化给予他极大的精神上的打击。

柳宗元在柳州的职务全衔是“永州司马员外置同正员”,是编外闲员,到永州后,他既无官舍,又无具体职务,他自己说是“俟罪非真吏”(《陪韦使君祈雨口号》),即不是真正的官吏,而是被流放的囚徒。柳宗元初到永州,寄居在一座古寺——龙兴寺里,这里环境荒凉,所居西厢房仅有北窗,光线昏暗,潮湿闷热。整天接触到的是僧侣和佛经。半年后,随他来永州的70岁老母就病故了,柳宗元身心再次受到重大打击。当时他只30多岁,就已经“百病所集,痞结伏积,不食自饱。或时寒热,水火互致,内消肌骨”(《寄许京兆孟容书》)。

在这种情况之下,柳宗元的政治思想表现出两个显著特点:一是为自己和改革

4 辩护,希望当政者和朋友们谅解,这还算积极的一面;二是自怨自艾,自我忏悔,自我责备。在他的《与裴埙书》中,他说自己参加革新活动是“年少好事,进而不能止”“性有倨野,不能摧折,以名盖恶,势益险”。在《寄许京兆孟容书》中说自己“于众党人中,罪状最甚”“很忤贵近,狂竦缪戾”,以致反对派对他“di诃万端,旁午搆扇,尽为敌雠,协力同攻”。柳宗元得意时确实年少气盛,骄矜之态溢于言表,他自己在《答问》中以为“凡事皆易、不折之以当事急务”。加上当时改革派得势,鱼龙混杂,其中不少人结党营私、贪污受贿,以为有顺宗李诵支持,可以永远掌权,反对派主要人物之

一、大官僚韦皋在给当时监国的李纯的奏章中写道:“今群小得志,毁紊纪纲,官以事迁,政由情改,朋党交构,荧惑宸聪。树置心腹,遍干贵位,潜结左右,唯在萧墙”。也大体上说明了当时改革派缺点错误的一面。到了永州,由于他身心交瘁,精神十分苦闷,所以自幼就受到佛教熏染的柳宗元这时进一步到佛教教义中寻求解脱,甚至一度发展到想出家当和尚的程度。

综上所述,我们可以这样认为:《三戒》是柳宗元由社会上一般情况联想到“永贞革新”“其事”从而发出的种种怨愤和自我嘲讽,或者也可以说是对“永贞革新”的影射和总结。他不愿直接也不能全面准确地说清当时的那些事,那些人,只觉得改革集团成员“不知推己之本”,不考虑自己的力量,以为依靠顺宗李纯的力量(“外力”)就可以“干非其类”“以技以怒强”,部分改革派中的腐败分子又“窃时以肆暴”,这一切都导致了“卒迨于祸”!柳宗元的佛家思想又使他有点悔不当初,受人愚弄的感觉„„可是这些他又怎能公开说出来或写出来呢,何况直接涉及到封建社会里神圣而又不可侵犯的顺宗李诵和宪宗李纯!于是他只好用三个寓言来表达了(其他寓言中也有类似的意思)。

最新出版的复旦大学章培恒/骆玉明主编的《中国文学史》(复旦大学出版社,1996年3月第1版)在评论柳宗元的寓言创作时说:“柳宗元寓言如著名的《蝜蝂传》借小虫讽刺那些‘日思高其位、大其禄’而不知死之将至的贪心者;《三戒·黔之驴》则借驴比喻那些外强中干、实无所能的庞然大物;《罴说》则借鹿、貙虎、罴一物制一物来比喻那些‘不知善内而恃外者’只知假借外力而不思自强的愚蠢行为。”这两种看法,应该说是比较客观,他们认为柳宗元的寓言讽刺的“贪心者”、外强中干、实无所能的庞然大物“和‘不知善内而恃外者’只知假借外力而不思自强的愚蠢行为”,也包含着柳宗元参加的“永贞革新”集团的各色人等,这是毫无疑问的。

以上是我研读《三戒》和柳宗元其他作品后形成的一得之见,我认为这样解释才比较实事求是。这样说是否会降低柳宗元《三戒》这组寓言名篇的社会性和思想性呢?我以为不会。因为类似的政治事件、经济事件和生活事件是很多的。古代有、现代有,中国有,外国也有,而且不一定仅仅发生在“统治阶级”中间。柳宗元《三戒》的社会性、思想性、艺术性是永存的。

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第五篇:疏影原文译文及赏析

原文:疏影

姜夔

苔枝缀玉,有翠禽小小,枝上同宿。客里相逢,篱角黄昏,无言自倚修竹。昭君不惯胡沙远,但暗忆、江南江北。想佩环、月夜归来,化作此花幽独。

犹记深宫旧事,那人正睡里,飞近蛾绿。莫似春风,不管盈盈,早与安排金屋。还教一片随波去,又却怨、玉龙哀曲⒅。等恁时⒆、重觅幽香,已入小窗横幅。

疏影字词解释:

⑴疏影:词牌名,姜夔的自度曲。

⑵辛亥:南宋光宗绍熙二年(1191年)。

⑶载雪:冒雪乘船。诣:到。石湖:在苏州西南,与太湖通。南宋诗人范成大晚年居住在苏州西南的石湖,自号石湖居士。

⑷止既月:指刚住满一个月。

⑸授简索句:给纸索取诗调。简:纸。

⑹征新声:征求新的词调。

⑺把玩:指反复欣赏。

⑻二妓:乐工和歌妓。肆习:学习。

⑼《暗香》《疏影》:语出北宋诗人林逋《山园小梅》诗:“疏影横斜水清浅,暗香浮动月黄昏。”

⑽苔枝缀玉:范成大《梅谱》说绍兴、吴兴一带的古梅“苔须垂于枝间,或长数寸,风至,绿丝飘飘可玩。”周密《乾淳起居注》:“苔梅有二种,宜兴张公洞者,苔藓甚厚,花极香。一种出越土,苔如绿丝,长尺余。”苔枝,长有苔藓的梅枝。缀玉,梅花像美玉一般缀满枝头。

⑾“有翠禽”二句:用罗浮之梦典故。旧题柳宗元《龙城录》载,隋代赵师雄游罗浮山,夜梦与一素妆女子共饭,女子芳香袭人。又有一绿衣童子,笑歌欢舞。赵醒来,发现自己躺在一株大梅树下,树上有翠鸟欢鸣,见“月落参横,但惆怅而已。”殷尧藩《友人山中梅花》诗:“好风吹醒罗浮梦,莫听空林翠羽声。”吴潜《疏影》词:“闲想罗浮旧恨,有人正醉里,姝翠蛾绿。”翠禽,翠鸟。晋郭璞《客傲》:“夫攀骊龙之髯,抚翠禽之毛,而不得绝霞肆、跨天津者,未之前闻也。”

⑿客里:离乡在外期间。唐牟融《送范启东还京》诗:“客里故人尊酒别,天涯游子弊裘寒。”白石是江西人,当时住苏州。

⒀黄昏:日已落而天色尚未黑的时候。《楚辞·离骚》:“曰黄昏以为期兮,羌中道而改路。”

⒁“无言”句:杜甫《佳人》诗:“天寒翠袖薄,日暮倚修竹。”

⒂“昭君”四句:杜甫《咏怀古迹五首》其三:“一去紫台连朔漠,独留青冢向黄昏。画图省识春风面,环佩空归夜月魂。画图省识春风面,环佩空归月夜魂。千载琵琶作胡语,分明怨恨曲中论。”王建《塞上咏梅》诗:“天山路边在株梅,年年花发黄云下。昭君已没汉使回,前后征人谁系马?”

⒃“犹记”三句:用寿阳公主事。蛾,形容眉毛的细长;绿,眉毛的青绿颜色。《太平御览》引《杂五行书》云:“宋武帝女寿阳公主,人日卧于含章殿檐下,梅花落公主额上,成五出花,拂之不去。皇后留之,看得几时,经三日,洗之乃落。宫女奇其异,竞效之,今‘梅花妆’是也。”

⒄安排金屋:《汉武故事》载,汉武帝刘彻幼时曾对姑母说:“若得阿娇作妇,当作金屋贮之。”盈盈,仪态美好的样子,这里借指梅花。

⒅玉龙哀曲:马融《长笛赋》:“龙鸣水中不见己,截竹吹之声相似。”玉龙,即玉笛。李白《与史郎中钦听黄鹤楼上吹笛》诗:“黄鹤楼中吹玉笛,江城五月落梅花。”哀曲,指笛曲《梅花落》。此曲是古代流行的乐曲,听了使人悲伤。唐皮日休《夜会问答》说听《梅花落》曲“三奏未终头已白”,可见一斑。故曰“玉龙哀曲”。

⒆恁(nèn)时:那时候。南唐冯延巳《忆江南》词:“东风次第有花开,恁时须约却重来。”

⒇小窗横幅:晚唐崔橹《梅花诗》:“初开已入雕梁画,未落先愁玉笛吹。”陈与义《水墨梅》诗:“睛窗画出横斜枝,绝胜前村夜雪时。”此翻用其意。

疏影翻译:

苔梅的枝梢缀着梅花,如玉晶莹,两只小小的翠鸟儿,栖宿在梅花丛。在客旅他乡时见到她的倩影,像佳人在夕阳斜映篱笆的黄昏中,默默孤独,倚着修长的翠竹。就像王昭君远嫁匈奴,不习惯北方的荒漠,史是暗暗地怀念着江南江北的故土。我想她戴着叮咚环佩,趁着月夜归来,化作了梅花的一缕幽魂,缥缈、孤独。

我还记得寿阳宫中的旧事,寿阳公主正在春梦里,飞下的一朵梅花正落在她的眉际。不要像无情的春风,不管梅花如此美丽清香,依旧将她风吹雨打去。应该早早给她安排金屋,让她有一个好的归宿。但这只是白费心意,她还是一片片地随波流去。又要进而钌玉笛吹奏出哀怨的乐曲。等那时,想要再去寻找梅的幽香,所见到的是一枝梅花,独立飘香。

疏影创作背景:

这首词创作于宋光宗绍熙二年(1191年),与词人《长亭怨慢·渐吹尽》为同年之作。是年冬,姜夔载雪访范成大于石湖。他在石湖住了一个多月,自度《暗香》《疏影》二曲咏梅,深蕴忧国之思,寄托个人生活的不幸。

疏影赏析:

《疏影》一词集中描绘梅花清幽孤傲的形象,寄托作者对青春、对美好事物的怜爱之情。

上片写梅花形神兼美。“苔枝缀玉,有翠禽小小,枝上同宿”,开篇展现在读者面前的就是一幅色彩鲜明、幽雅清丽的“双栖图”。它描绘了一株古老的梅树,树上缀满晶莹如玉的梅花,与翠禽相伴同宿。苔枝与翠禽色相近,都是充满生机的“绿”,其间点缀着美玉般的梅花,就更显得光彩照人。字里行间不露半个梅字,而梅的形象却浮雕般突现出来了。

接着推出第二个画面,是“客里相逢,篱角黄昏,无言自倚修竹”,这完全是用写人的手法来写梅。梅花就是佳人的幻化。相逢在“客里”,又是“篱角黄昏”这么一个典型环境,更突出了寂寞的氛围。在这么寂寞的氛围里,“佳人”“无言自倚修竹”。“无言”这神态,“自倚”这动作,突出了这位孤高的佳人形象;另一面,也折射了词人在“客里”怀念情人的孤寂心情。

在这种孤寂情绪的支配下,词人想到对方也一定会同自己一样孤寂难熬。下句就借昭君出塞、远嫁番邦之事来抒发这种情感。“不惯”“暗忆”这两个貌似平常的词,在这典型的语言环境里,就传达出了不寻常的深沉感情。“想佩环、月夜归来,化作此花幽独”,这就明写出人花幻化的艺术意境。放在“月夜”归来,就更突出“幽独”的气质。“月夜”与“黄昏”照应,“花”与“玉”照应,“幽独”与“无言自倚”照应,文字针线细密,情感脉络分明。而“幽独”一词又是总撮了上片的精髓而成为全词的基调。上片最后这几句是词中重点,写梅花的灵魂。

下片换头推开一笔,说明梅花不仅有美的容貌,美的灵魂,而且还有美的行为——美化和妆扮妇女。过片开头的“犹记深宫旧事”与上片的“暗忆江南江北”遥相呼应,这是词人想象自己心上人在远方孤寂中一定会时时想起美好的往事。“那人正睡里,飞近蛾绿”,是借南朝宋武帝女儿寿阳公主午睡时梅花飘落眉心留下花瓣印,宫女争相仿效,称为“梅花妆”的故事,喻往事之美好令人难忘。这美好的时光非常值得珍惜,千万不要像无情的东风一样,“不管盈盈,早与安排金屋。”但到底往事已成空,如今只留下一片美好的追忆而已。这就正如梅花终于被东风吹落,而且“随波去”了,不能不怨恨那“玉龙哀曲”。

“却又怨、玉龙哀曲”,可以看作是为梅花吹奏的招魂之曲。这是从音乐这一侧面来申明爱护梅花的重要性。再有,这儿的“玉龙”是与前篇的“梅边吹笛”相呼应的,临近收拍,作者着力使《疏影》的结尾与《暗香》的开头相呼应,显然是为了形成一种前勾后连之势,以便让他所独创的这种“连环体”在结构上完整起来。

“等恁时,重觅幽香,已入小窗横幅。”又从绘画这一角度加以深化主题。《疏影》最后一句的“小窗横幅”应该是与《暗香》的开头一句“旧时月色”相呼应的,那么,“小窗横幅”就既可解释为图画又可解释为梅影了。月色日光映照在纸窗上的竹影梅影,也是一种“天然图画”,非常好看。《疏影》中所出现的梅花的形象,梅花的性格,梅花的灵魂,梅花的遭遇,寄托了作者身世飘零的感叹,表现了对美好事物应及时爱护的思想。

此词笔法极为奇特,连续铺排五个典故,用五位女性人物来比喻映衬梅花,从而把梅花人格化、性格化,比起一般的“遗貌取神”的笔法来又高出了一层。

“苔枝缀玉”三句用了此词的第一个典故。讲的是隋代赵师雄在罗浮山遇仙女的神话故事,见于曾慥《类说》所引《异人录》。作者用这个典故,入笔很俏,只用“翠禽”略略点出。读者知其所用典故,方知“苔枝缀玉”亦可描摹罗浮女神的风致情态,“枝上同宿”也是叙赵师雄的神仙奇遇。姜夔爱用此典,其《鬲溪梅令》有句云:“谩向孤山山下觅盈盈,翠禽啼一春”。这个典故,使得梅花与罗浮神女融为一体,似花非花,似人非人,在典雅清秀之外又增添了一层迷离惝恍的神秘色彩。

“客里”三句由“同宿”转向孤独,于是引出第二个典故——诗人杜甫笔下的佳人。杜甫的《佳人》一诗,其首尾云:“绝代有佳人,幽居在空谷。天寒翠袖薄,日暮倚修竹。”这位佳人,是诗人理想中的艺术形象,姜夔用来比喻梅花,以显示它的品性高洁,绝俗超尘,宁肯孤芳自赏而绝不同流合污。北宋词人曹组《蓦山溪》咏梅词中,有“竹外一枝斜,想佳人,天寒日暮”的句子,也用了苏诗和杜诗的典故。诗词用典,都要经过作者的重新组合与精心安排,姜夔在引出佳人这个艺术形象之前,先写了“客里相逢”一句,使作品带上了一种漂泊风尘的知遇情调,又写了“篱角黄昏”一句,这是与梅花非常相称的环境背景,透露了一点冷落与迟暮的感叹,显示了梅花的高洁品格。

“昭君”至上片结句用王昭君的典故,作者的构思,主要是参照杜甫的《咏怀古迹》五首之三。“一去紫台”句,被姜夔加以想象,强调昭君“但暗忆江南江北”,用思国怀乡把她的怨恨具体化了:“环佩空归”一句也得到了发挥,说昭君的月夜归魂“化作此花幽独”,化为了幽独的梅花。为昭君的魂灵找到了归宿,这对同情她的遭遇的人们是一种慰藉;同时,把她的哀怨身世赋予梅花,又给梅花的形象增添了楚楚风致。

换头三句用的是寿阳公主的典故。“犹记深宫旧事”一句绾合两个典故,王昭君入宫久不见幸,积悲怨,乃请行,远嫁匈奴,也是“深宫旧事”,“犹记”二字一转,就引出“梅花妆”的故事来了。那人正睡里,飞近蛾绿“,写出了公主的娇憨之态,也写出了梅花随风飘落时的轻盈的样子。这个典故带来了一股活泼松快的情调,使全词的气氛得到了一点调剂。

最后一个典故是汉武帝“金屋藏娇”事。“莫似春风”三句由梅花的飘落引起了惜花的心情,进而联想到护花的措施。这与上片“昭君”等句遥相绾合,是全词的题旨所在。“莫似春风,不管盈盈”,直是殷切的呼唤,“早与安排金屋”,更是热切的希望。可是到头来,“还教一片随波去”,花落水流,徒有惜花之心而无护花之力,梅花终于又一次凋零了。

五个典故,五位女性,包括了历史人物、传奇神话、文学形象;她们的身份地位各有不同,有神灵、有鬼魂,有富贵、有寒素,有得宠、有失意;在叙述描写上也有繁有简、有重点有映带,而其间的衔接与转换更是紧密而贴切。

姜夔作《暗香》《疏影》词,的确是“自立新意”。其新意在于他完全打破了前人的传统写法,不再是单线的、平面的描摹刻画,而是摄取事物的神理创造出了多线条、多层次、富有立体感的艺术境界和性灵化、人格化的艺术形象。作者调动众多素材,大量采用典故,有实有虚、有比喻有象征,进行纵横交错的描写;支撑起时间、空间的广阔范围,使过去和现在、此处和彼地能够灵活地、跳跃地进行穿插;以咏物为线索,以抒情为核心,把写景、叙事、说理交织在一起,并且用颜色、声音、动态作渲染描摹,并且多用领字起到化虚为实的作用,这样,姜夔就为梅花作出了最精彩的传神写照。

个人资料:

姜夔(kuí) (1154-1221),字尧章,号白石道人,汉族,饶州鄱阳(今江西省鄱阳县)人。南宋文学家、音乐家。他少年孤贫,屡试不第,终生未仕,一生转徙江湖,靠卖字和朋友接济为生。他多才多艺,精通音律,能自度曲,其词格律严密。其作品素以空灵含蓄著称,姜夔对诗词、散文、书法、音乐,无不精善,是继苏轼之后又一难得的艺术全才。姜夔词题材广泛,有感时、抒怀、咏物、恋情、写景、记游、节序、交游、酬赠等。他在词中抒发了自己虽然流落江湖,但不忘君国的感时伤世的思想,描写了自己漂泊的羁旅生活,抒发自己不得用世及情场失意的苦闷心情,以及超凡脱俗、飘然不群,有如孤云野鹤般的个性。姜夔晚居西湖,卒葬西马塍。有《白石道人诗集》、《白石道人歌曲》、《续书谱》、《绛帖平》等书传世。

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